Exploring the Income of the Czech Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
Ondřej Dvouletý
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
European Survey ◽  
Employed Women

Although individuals mostly pursue an entrepreneurial career from non-economic reasons, it is also interesting to see how well they perform in their business financially. This book chapter exploits two recent waves (2010, 2015) of the European Survey on Working Conditions (EWCS) and compares earnings of the Czech self-employed, concerning characteristics including job creation, gender, age, education, and number of working hours. The obtained findings from paired t-tests and correlations show that Czech self-employed with employees (job creators) earn on average by 14.6% more when compared to solo self-employed. Gender-differences in earnings have also been found in the case of the Czech entrepreneurs. Solo self-employed women earn on average less when compared to males. The highest earnings were observed in the age group of 31-40 years, and self-employed with higher levels of education also earn, on average more. This book chapter contributes to the regional knowledge on entrepreneurship in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Increase in meningococcal disease associated with the emergence of a novel ST-11 variant of serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis in Victoria, Australia, 1999–2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. TRIBE ◽  
A. M. ZAIA ◽  
J. M. GRIFFITH ◽  
P. M. ROBINSON ◽  
H. Y. LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Housekeeping Gene ◽  
Restriction Pattern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Czech Republic

In the years 1999–2000, there was an increase in the incidence of meningococcal disease in Victoria, largely caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C. This change was associated with a shift in age distribution of cases, with relatively more disease appearing in the 15–29 year age group, and with 40/58 serogroup C isolates in 2000 exhibiting a new macrorestriction pattern (pattern A). Thirty-four of 52 pattern A isolates tested displayed the novel phenotype C:2a:P1.4, and were consistently porA VR type P1.7-2,4 by DNA sequencing. Nine of 10 representative pattern A isolates analysed displayed a housekeeping gene allele profile (ST-11) that is characteristic of the electrophoretic type (ET)-15 variant that has caused outbreaks in Canada, the Czech Republic and Greece. Meningococci belonging to the ST-11 complex that were isolated in Victoria prior to 1999 did not display either restriction pattern A or PorA VR type P1.7-2,4.

scholarly journals Health Inequality as the Consequence of Drinking and Smoking in Case of the Czech Republic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Gavurova ◽  
Miriama Tarhanicova ◽  
Adam Kulhanek ◽  
Roman Gabrhelik
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Indicator ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Disease Specific

Background: Drinking and smoking have economic consequences and are the main risk factors of mortality and morbidity. Disease-specific deaths attributable to using substances present the primary health indicator in this study. This analysis focuses on mortality in productive age, 15 to 64 years since those deaths are considered the highest economic burden. Method: In the analytical part, data from the Registry of deaths of the Czech Republic for 1994 to 2017 were used. The number of deaths attributable to smoking and drinking was calculated using attributable fractions, based on literature review. This research aimed to reveal the gender differences in deaths attributable to drinking and smoking, according to age, and the differences in deaths regarding smoking or drinking. Results: The mortality attributable to smoking and drinking differs across age groups and genders. The highest median share of tobacco-related deaths is in the age group, 60—64 years. The highest median share of alcoholic deaths is in the age group of 50—54 years. Conclusions: There are significant differences between genders in both, smoking and drinking. A prevention program should be targeted to different age groups.

Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Czech Republic and serotype coverage by vaccines, 1997–2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MOTLOVA ◽  
C. BENES ◽  
P. KRIZ
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Notification Data

SUMMARYWe studied the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the Czech Republic by analysing two sources of data. The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis based on routine notification data varied between 0·4 and 0·6/100 000 population between 1997 and 2006. The incidence of IPD based on laboratory surveillance varied between 2·3 and 4·3/100 000 population between 2000 and 2006. The annual IPD incidence remained stable during the study period. Estimates of absolute IPD case-load in the entire country varied from 235 to 437 per year. The age-specific incidence was highest in the <1 year age group, reaching 4·3/100 000 for pneumococcal meningitis in routine notification and 15·7/100 000 for IPD in laboratory-based surveillance data, respectively. A total of 1236 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from cerebrospinal fluid and sterile body sites were investigated. The most frequent serotypes causing IPD in all ages were 3, 4, 14, 8 and 19F, accounting for 41·5% of all isolates. The most frequent serotypes by age group were: <1 year (6B and 19F); 1–4 years (14, 6B and 23F); 40–64 years (3, 8 and 4), and ⩾65 years (3, 4, 9N and 14). The coverage of serotypes in all age groups by pneumococcal vaccines ranged from 41·5% for 7-valent conjugate vaccine to 67·9% for 13-valent conjugate vaccine. The coverage of serotypes causing IPD is significantly different between infants/children and adults/elderly. PCV-7 coverage by age group was: <1 year (66·0%), 1–4 years (65·1%), 40–64 years (34·4%) and ⩾65 years (39·3%). Similar age differences between infants/children and adults/elderly were found in coverage by PCV-9, PCV-11 and PCV-13. The distribution of serotypes in the total population and individual age groups was stable during the period 2000–2006.

The relationship between long working hours and weight gain in older workers in Europe

Work ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-759
Author(s):  
Umit Guner ◽  
Neslihan Guner
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Several studies have been performed on the relationship between working conditions and health. Numerous parameters still require further study, including working hours and obesity among different groups, specifically older workers in national, regional, and international levels. OBJECTIVE: Working hours have considerable effects on the socio-cultural, psychological, and economic aspects of people’s lives and health. While long working hours increases income level and raises living standards, it increases the risk of certain health problems. This study investigated whether working hours are associated with obesity in upper-middle-aged workers. METHODS: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) dataset was used for the analyses. Analyses were carried out by means of a Cox regression of the panel dataset created with the data in question, surveyed by European Commission to 12,000 participants. RESULTS: The survey was performed in Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ireland. We found that in most countries, especially Sweden and the Netherlands, upper-middle-aged employees working > 59 hours per week are more likely to gain weight than their counterparts working < 59 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings raise awareness of obesity in older workers, and highlight the need to regulate working conditions and hours in the European Union and other countries.

scholarly journals Differences in Approaches to Employment of Contemporary Generations on the Labour Market (on Example of Economics and Managerial Study Programmes)

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (s1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Jana Marie Šafránková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Part Time Students ◽  
Part Time

Abstract The paper focuses on some current differences in the current two-generation approaches in the labour market to employment, working conditions and people management. The findings are based on repeated surveys since 2009 focused on the opinions of full-time and part-time students and graduates of some economic and managerial fields of three universities in the Czech Republic and the opinions of selected employees of several companies. The results show that some approaches to work and working conditions differ significantly by age of respondents.

The European system of small- and medium-sized enterprises

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Palmieri
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
European System ◽  
Low Pay ◽  
And Training

As the European Commission has indicated, SMEs have a key role to play in stimulating job creation and in improving European competitiveness. This article provides an overview of the position of SMEs in the economic system of the European Union and highlights the weaknesses that constrain SMEs in fulfilling that key role. The article also explores the factors that promote profitability in SMEs at the expense of productivity, including low pay, poor working conditions and long working hours. It proposes that there is a contradiction between the representation of SMEs as a strategic lever in pursuit of the Lisbon goals, and the reality that European SMEs are generally incapable of generating either technological innovation or continuing education and training, leaving them ill-equipped to compete in global markets.

Gender differences in health: Evidence from the Czech Republic

1996 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1443-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hraba ◽  
Frederick Lorenz ◽  
Gang Lee ◽  
Zden̆ka Pechačová
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
The Czech Republic

scholarly journals Working conditions in selected groups of immigrants living in the Czech Republic

Kontakt ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e263-e269
Author(s):  
Iva Brabcová ◽  
Jitka Vacková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
The Czech Republic
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