Climate Change on Fertility and Reproductive Processes of Female Livestock

2021 ◽  
pp. 263-277
Author(s):  
Joan Mwihaki Nyika
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Hormonal Therapies ◽  
Reproductive Processes

The effects of climate change continues to be a growing modern-day challenge. Climate change-induced heat stress disrupts reproductive and fertility systems in livestock. In males, it modifies the physiology of the spermatogenic cycle resulting to poor quality semen and high prevalence of secondary sperm defects. In female livestock, heat stress decreases the production of gonadotrophins, results to hormonal imbalance, decreases the quality of oocytes, and lengthens the oestrous period leading to infertility. These effects can be reversed through genetic modifications, nutritive supplementation, physical cooling mechanisms, and hormonal therapies. The successful implementation of the ameliorative strategies is pegged on improved research and their combined administration. Ultimately, climate change mitigation and adaptation are indispensable to overcome fertility problems in livestock among other environmental effects of the climate variations.

Climate Change on Fertility and Reproductive Processes of Female Livestock

2022 ◽  
pp. 1278-1292
Author(s):  
Joan Mwihaki Nyika
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Hormonal Therapies ◽  
Reproductive Processes

The effects of climate change continues to be a growing modern-day challenge. Climate change-induced heat stress disrupts reproductive and fertility systems in livestock. In males, it modifies the physiology of the spermatogenic cycle resulting to poor quality semen and high prevalence of secondary sperm defects. In female livestock, heat stress decreases the production of gonadotrophins, results to hormonal imbalance, decreases the quality of oocytes, and lengthens the oestrous period leading to infertility. These effects can be reversed through genetic modifications, nutritive supplementation, physical cooling mechanisms, and hormonal therapies. The successful implementation of the ameliorative strategies is pegged on improved research and their combined administration. Ultimately, climate change mitigation and adaptation are indispensable to overcome fertility problems in livestock among other environmental effects of the climate variations.

scholarly journals Determinants of improved cookstove adoption and its benefits in Ethiopia.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sintayehu Kare ◽  
Abera Alemu ◽  
Melese Mulugeta ◽  
Zerhun Ganewo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Improved Cookstove ◽  
Income Sources

Abstract BackgroundBiomass is the most dominant source of energy for both food cooking and lighting in rural parts of Ethiopia. Energy conversions are carried out in open fires using inefficient traditional stoves, results in poor quality of life due to smoking-related health outcomes, and consume a large quantity of wood. This resulted in increased costs of health and cutting trees which facilities climate change. To change the situation, improved cooking stoves (ICS) have been introduced through youth cooperatives in the study area.Objective The study examined the major sources of energy for the rural households, evaluate the health and related benefits of using improved cook stove and assessing the determinants for its adoption.MethodData were collected from 344 households using a questionnaire in supplement with interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and econometric models.ResultsThe findings of the study showed that only 22.97% of the respondents adopted the ICS whereas the vast majority (67.03%) still rely on traditional stoves that are highly inefficient. The positive and significant variables in predicting the adoption of ICS were the educational level of household head (OR 1.23; CI at 95% 0.029-0.040), access to ICS (OR 5.88; CI at 95% 1.05-2.48), affordability (OR 2.31; CI at 95% 0.11-1.56) and demonstration about the stove (OR 6.74; CI at 95% 1.13-2.68). Family size (OR 0.74; CI at 95% -0.45-0.12) and Availability of firewood (OR 0.27; CI at 95% -2.00-.56) significantly and negatively affected the adoption of the ICS.ConclusionsLow adoption levels of ICS were found in the study area. This has been triggered by socio-economic, institutional, financial, and resource endowments. Therefore, it is recommended that increasing access to improved stoves, diversifying income sources, creating awareness about ICS health benefits, climate changes, and providing reasonable prices will facilitate its adoption.

Heat Stress Affects the Physiological and Biochemical Quality of Dalbergia nigra Seeds in vitro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingridh Medeiros Simões ◽  
Julcinara Oliveira Baptista ◽  
Thuanny Lins Monteiro Rosa ◽  
Tamyris de Mello ◽  
Caroline Palacio de Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Dalbergia Nigra ◽  
Biochemical Quality ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Abstract The jacaranda of Bahia (Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth) is an endemic tree of a Brazilian neotropical biodiversity hotspot and is of great ecological and economic interest. Given the threat of extinction due to timber overexploitation and climate change, the present study aimed to analyze the physiological and biochemical quality of D. nigra seeds exposed to heat stress. The seeds were sown in a test tube containing woody plant culture medium, kept in a biochemical oxygen demand chamber at 45°C for 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and then maintained in the same chamber at 25°C for 30 days. Physiological analyses of moisture, electrical conductivity, germination speed index, normal and abnormal seedlings, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl length, collar diameter, seedling and root dry mass, and Dickson quality index revealed a drop in germination and vigor with prolonged heat stress, dropping from 95% to 0% between 0 and 96 hours. This was accompanied by a reduction in the content of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Therefore, the vigor and quality of seedlings is negatively influenced by exposure to heat stress at 45°C. Study Implications: Dalbergia nigra is a species of high economic interest due to its high-quality wood. In the face of climate change, it is necessary to understand the behavior of seeds under temperature above the ideal. The quality and vigor of seedlings produced in vitro at a temperature of 45°C are negatively affected with the increase in hours of heat stress. In addition, the contents of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins present in the seed reserves show a sharp drop with heat stress. Ultimately, heat stress significantly affects seed biochemistry and subsequent seedling physiology.

Impact of Climate Change on Animal Fertility

2021 ◽  
pp. 226-240
Author(s):  
Urfeya Mirza ◽  
Uiase Bin Farooq ◽  
Shahnaz Anjum
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Disturbances

The fertility and reproductive efficiency of both male and female animals is very sensitive to climatic disturbances, particularly hyperthermia. The most evident consequences of heat stress are decreased quantity and quality of sperm production in males and compromised fertility in females. In this chapter, the effects of climate change on male and female reproduction have been separately and thoroughly elaborated. The effect of heat stress on embryo and fetal development has also been described. In the end, various approaches for mitigating the effects of heat stress on animals have been brought to light.

How to assess ecodistrict resilience to urban heat stress under future heatwaves? A case study for the city of Paris

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Anaïs Machard ◽  
Simon Martinez ◽  
Emmanuel Bozonnet ◽  
Eleonora Lacedra ◽  
Christian Inard
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Urban Heat

It is now well-known that the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves will strongly increase along the XXIth century, which introduces the urban built environment resilience as a new paradigm. In Paris, the intense 2003 heatwave demonstrated that warm urban temperatures could result in serious adverse health issues. Temperatures were particularly elevated during nighttime, due to the urban heat island effect. Since air-conditioning has not penetrated yet in residential French buildings, studying the potential of combined mitigation strategies at the district and building scale to increase the neighbourhood and buildings resilience in strong urbanized areas under future heatwaves is a key subject matter. The climate change aspect is integrated through a future heatwave weather file, re-assembled from dynamically downscaled multi-year regional climate change projections from the EURO-CORDEX project. The new ecodistrict Clichy-Batignolles in central Paris is chosen as a case study, recognized as innovative for low-energy and environmental solutions. It is composed of high-rise residential and commercial buildings, large green areas, cool surfaces, and reduced anthropogenic sources. We used an Urban Canyon Model (Urban Weather Generator) to model the neighbourhood and different design configurations (building height and density, green and cool surfaces). The designs and measures were evaluated through a sensitivity analysis to analyse their potential to mitigate the urban local microclimate air temperature during the heatwaves. We quantified the neighbourhood resilience and found that the ecodistrict is exposed to a strong urban heat stress under the future intense heatwave. These results highlight how outdoor overheating assessment can be used to evaluate the district mitigation and adaptation strategies. This approach can be used for urban planning, while the modelled future urban heatwaves can be used as an input for building simulations and evaluate the resilience of the buildings to urban heat stress.

Sexual maturity and spermatogenesis under heat stress in the bovine

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge de Alba ◽  
Simón Riera‡
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
The Tropics

Results are presented of an investigation in which 10 bull calves were subjected to heat stress in a climatic chamber from 26 weeks of age to the age of puberty. A similar group of 8 calves sired by the same bull were simultaneously subjected to ambient temperatures in another chamber. Maximum temperature in the hot chamber was 35–36° C. for 8 hours daily and maximum temperature in the temperate chamber was 27° C.Observations were made on weight and age at puberty and characteristics of the first five ejaculates obtained from each bull. Post-mortem examinations included: carcass weight, weight of all genital organs, measurement of sperm reserves in testicles and epididymides and histological observations of the seminiferous tubules. The results indicated that the hot temperature exposure retarded fertility but that libido was exhibited at essentially the same intensity by both groups. The quality of semen obtained and the concentration of the spermatozoa were much lower in the bulls subjected to the hot environment during their growth period prior to puberty. The poor quality of semen was associated with impaired spermatogenesis.It is recommended that in all fertility studies conducted with exotic breeds in the tropics, semen of known uniform quality be used. Natural service should not be used.

scholarly journals Climate change and disasters: analysis of the Brazilian regional inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-296
Author(s):  
Letícia Palazzi Perez ◽  
Saulo Rodrigues-Filho ◽  
José Antônio Marengo ◽  
Diogo Victor Santos ◽  
Lucas Mikosz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Infrastructure Vulnerability ◽  
Infrastructure Services

One of the main consequences of climate change in Brazil is the increase in the occurrence of extreme rainfall, which in turn trigger Hydrometeorological disasters; the Brazilian continental dimension, the regional characteristics of biomes and socioeconomic inequality are conditioning factors for the impacts of extreme events in the country.  This work analyzes Brazil’s socioeconomic and urban infrastructure vulnerability, combined with the regional exposure of the population, based on disasters observed and future scenarios for the occurrence of rainfall extremes. As a result, it points out that climate change impact differently on large Brazilian regions, due to population density and the poor quality of urban infrastructure services. 

scholarly journals Differential regulation of flower transpiration during abiotic stress in plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjita Sinha ◽  
Sara I Zandalinas ◽  
Yosef Fichman ◽  
Sidharth Sen ◽  
Aurelio G Cadenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Heat waves, occurring during droughts, can have a devastating impact on yield, especially if they happen during the flowering and seed set stages of the crop cycle. Global warming and climate change are driving an alarming increase in the frequency and intensity of combined drought and heat stress episodes, critically threatening global food security. Previous studies revealed that during a combination of drought and heat stress stomata on leaves of many plants are closed, preventing cooling by transpiration. Because high temperature is detrimental to reproductive processes, essential for plant yield, we measured the inner temperature, transpiration, and sepal stomatal aperture of closed soybean flowers, developing on plants subjected to a combination of drought and heat stress. Here, we report that during a combination of drought and heat stress soybean plants prioritize transpiration through flowers over transpiration through leaves by opening their flower stomata, while keeping their leaf stomata closed. This acclimation strategy, termed differential transpiration, lowers flower inner temperature by about 2-3oC, protecting reproductive processes at the expense of vegetative tissues. Manipulating stomatal regulation, stomatal size and/or stomatal density of flowers could therefore serve as a viable strategy to enhance the yield of different crops and mitigate some of the current and future impacts of global warming and climate change on agriculture.

Identification of Adaptive Capacity Assessments to Improve Collective Adaptation of Farmers to Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ica Wulansari ◽  
Oekan S Abdoellah ◽  
Budhi Gunawan ◽  
Parikesit
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Planning Capacity

Collective adaptation is a relevant discussion in association with the limited adaptive capacity of farmers to deal with climate change. This study aims to improve the collective adaptation of farmers through the identification of adaptive capacity assessments. A collective adaptation mechanism in the form of planning for rice planting time has succeeded in reducing the vulnerability of farmers. This study was conducted at a rice production center with a collective adaptation mechanism in Indramayu District, West Java Province, Indonesia. The data were collected using a quantitative method through a questionnaire distributed to 296 farmer respondents and a qualitative method through structured interviews. The observations provided an overview for authors to build structured interviews. The results of the study show that the adaptive capacity of farmers is supported by social capital and collective adaptation mechanisms of farmers consisting of trust in the formal leaders, quality of collective decisions, and planning capacity. The results of this study contribute to the implementation of public policies in order to support the successful implementation of adaptation strategies to deal with climate change in accordance with the needs of farmers.

scholarly journals Foreign Aid and Climate Change Policy: What Can(’t) the Data Tell Us?

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Yuichi Kono ◽  
Gabriella R. Montinola
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
The Relationship

Climate-related foreign aid is on the rise, with signatories to the Paris Climate agreement pledging $100 billion annually to promote mitigation and adaptation in recipient countries. While this seems like a welcome development, we have little evidence that climate aid actually encourages recipients to adopt climate legislation. In this article, we examine the relationship between climate aid and recipient climate policy. Using multiple measures of each, we find no evidence that the former is systematically related to the latter. Although this suggests that climate aid is ineffective, this conclusion must be qualified due to the poor quality of both climate aid and climate policy data. More definitive conclusions will require more accurate coding of climate aid as well as better climate policy measures that distinguish truly consequential policies from less consequential ones.

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