Wood Waste Characterization and Reuse Possibilities

Author(s):  
Eraldo Antonio Bonfatti Júnior ◽  
Thiago Campos Monteiro ◽  
Elaine Cristina Lengowski

Wood is the most versatile natural material. It can be used to obtain sawn wood, wood for civil construction, naval purpose, packaging, furniture, wood flooring, composites, bioenergy, pulp and paper. More recently, nanotechnology and the biorefinery processes create new possibilities for wood use; however, wood processing still generates a large amount of waste. Wood can be processed mechanically or chemically. The mechanical processing of wood has residues like sawdust, cuttings, and wood chips. From the chemical processing of wood, the main residue is black liquor.

2019 ◽  
Vol 350 ◽  
pp. 134-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Masche ◽  
Maria Puig-Arnavat ◽  
Peter A. Jensen ◽  
Jens Kai Holm ◽  
Sønnik Clausen ◽  
...  

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-244
Author(s):  
Таратин ◽  
Vyacheslav Taratin

The paper studies the process of uneven load at longitudinal milling by small tool cross-conical cutters of sawing machines. Non-uniformity of process load during milling by specified cutters was quantitatively evaluated by the indicator of the non-uniformity of the technological load during cycle of processing of logs and sawn timbers and wood chips. For small tool cutters, this figure is the ratio of the maximum total length of the cutting edges of cutters to the average length of their cutting edges simultaneously participating in a cutting cycle for processing of wood (turnover of cutters). Butt-tapered (conical) small tool cutters were conventionally considered as a discrete set of stepped cylindrical cutters, i.e. as often case of small tool cutter. The process of interaction of cutters with the wood for its processing cycle was divided into four zones (periods): I zone – time of insertion off all cutters of the group into the timber; II zone – the period of all cutters and serial outputs of them from the timber; III zone – period of successive outputs of cutters from wood; IV zone – period of approach of neighboring group cutters. The size and relative orientation of the time of these zones in the steady cutting defines the different nature of the interaction of cutters with the wood with varying intensity of process load. Mathematical relationships of these zones and taking it into account – dependence of the definition of the index of uneven process load per cycle of wood processing were obtained, calculations were made and a number of parameters cutters were substantiated. The effect on the rate of uneven width, height, milling, as well as the angle of rotation of cutters in the center plane of milling cutter was defined.


Alloy Digest ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  

Abstract INCO Alloy C-276 is a nickel-molybdenum-chromium-tungsten alloy with outstanding corrosion resistance that is maintained even in the welded condition. It also has excellent resistance to oxidizing media. It is widely used in the severest environments encountered in chemical processing, pollution control, industrial and municipal waste treatment, pulp and paper production, and other fields. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-311. Producer or source: Huntington Alloys.


Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  

Abstract JESSOP JS Alloy G is a nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum-copper alloy that exhibits excellent resistance to a wide variety of corrosive conditions. It resists corrosion in both oxidizing and reducing environments, and can handle both acid and alkaline solutions. JS Alloy G resists pitting and stress-corrosion cracking extremely well. Among its many uses are equipment for chemical processing and for pulp and paper manufacture. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-289. Producer or source: Jessop Steel Company.


2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Noggle ◽  
Timothy S. Gross ◽  
Stewart E. Holm

Abstract The abnormal induction of anal fin elongation (masculinization) in female Gambusia was first reported in the 1980s for Florida streams receiving pulp and paper effluents. Although these early reports indicated masculinization responses that were similar to the complete development of a gonopodium (male secondary sex structure), additional evaluations throughout the 1990s demonstrated significant reductions in this response. These historic data suggested that mill process modifications may have been responsible for the reduced masculinization responses. The objective of the current study was to utilize Georgia Pacifics Palatka Mill to monitor a series of mill process modifications and their effects on masculinization responses in Mosquitofish (Gambusia). Gambusia were collected from upstream, discharge, and downstream sites in the Palatka Mill receiving stream (Rice Creek) and masculinization was evaluated. Collections were conducted annually during 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2009, before and after a series of modifications which included: conversion to elemental chlorine free bleaching, conversion of secondary treatment to aerobic degradation, reduction of in-mill black liquor losses, addition of condensate stripping, reduction in water usage from 136 to 83 million litres per day (36 to 22 million gallons per day), installation of new brown stock washers, and oxygen delignification. Masculinization responses were evaluated using the anal fin index (ratio or anal fin rays 4 and 6). Reductions in this masculinization response were observed gradually across 1999 through 2009, with an absence of response in female Gambusia during 2004, 2006, and 2008 to 2009. These data indicate that pulp and paper mill upgrades and process modifications have resulted in the elimination of this biological response in Gambusia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Gonçalves ◽  
Rafael Gustavo Mansini Lorensani ◽  
Monica Ruy ◽  
Nadia Schiavon Veiga ◽  
Gabriela Müller ◽  
...  

Abstract Wood-processing industries must be able to estimate the properties of wood to properly manage the wood production chain. For this estimation, changes in certain characteristics over time must be identified so that they can be used to rapidly differentiate a clone or species. Of interest are acoustical, geometrical, physical, and mechanical properties, all measurable in seedlings. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the evolution of the ultrasonic wave propagation velocity, diameter, height, basic density, strength, and stiffness starting in nursery seedlings at 3 months of age to trees at 6 years of age, which is the cutting age used by the pulp and paper industry in Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 121 seedlings and 270 trees of three Eucalyptus clones. Within the age range analyzed, the results indicated that all parameters have the potential to be used in a predictive model to estimate the future quality of clones, although the predictive value of these parameters varies. The ultrasonic wave propagation velocity was the only property that maintained the coherent differences among clones from the seedling to the cutting age (6 yr old). The strength, stiffness, diameter, and height maintained coherence from 12 months to the cutting age, whereas the basic density was maintained from the age of 24 months to the cutting age. We hope that these results will contribute to improving the methods to select clones.


Author(s):  
Л.Д. Бухтояров ◽  
И.В. Григорьев ◽  
О.А. Куницкая ◽  
А.Е. Лукин ◽  
Д.Е. Куницкая

Из древесины производится около 20 тысяч наименований продукции, причем около 95% приходится на продукцию химической и механо-химической переработки древесины. Большая часть таких производств в качестве сырья потребляет технологическую щепу, к которой предъявляются требования по наличию в ней коры, гнилей и минеральных включений. Наиболее трудо- и энергоемкой операцией технологического процесса по производству технологической щепы является окорка балансовой древесины, которая в подавляющем большинстве случаев производится методом групповой окорки в окорочных барабанах различной конструкции. В статье представлена математическая модель процесса групповой окорки лесоматериалов в окорочных барабанах, позволяющая оценивать один из основных параметров групповой окорки лесоматериалов – время их обработки, при котором будут минимизированы потери древесины без снижения качества окорки, с учетом конструктивных элементов барабана, параметров балансов, их свойств и температуры. Учтен вероятностный характер таких показателей, как время окорки, физико-механические свойства коры и древесины, особенности распределения слоев коры по глубине, что обусловило необходимость применения математической модели, основанной на принципах ситуационного моделирования процессов перехода лесоматериала из одного состояния в другое. Методика расчета и управления основными параметрами процесса позволяет разрабатывать организационные, технологические и технические мероприятия, обеспечивающие стабильность качественных показателей групповой окорки лесоматериалов в окорочных барабанах. Также модель представлена в виде функциональной блок-схемы, основанной на графическом интерфейсе Matlab с приложением Simulink. Используя наборы блоков Simulink, отвечающих за константы, переменные, функции, и вычислительные операции, организован процесс расчета основных параметров объектно-ориентированным ме­тодом. Wood is produced about 20 thousand kinds of products, with about 95% products of the chemical and mechano-chemical processing of wood. Most of these industries as raw material consumes wood chips, which are requirements for the presence of bark, rot and mineral inclusions. Most labor and energy intensive operation of the technological process for the manufacturing of wood chips is the debarking of pulpwood, which in the vast majority of cases, produced by a group of debarking in debarking drums of various designs. The article presents a mathematical model of the process of group debarking wood in debarking drums allows one to assess one of the key parameter group of debarking wood – processing times, which will be minimized wood losses without reducing the quality of the debarking, taking into account the structural elements of the drum, the balance parameters, their properties and temperature. Account the probabilistic nature of such indicators as: debarking, physical and mechanical properties of bark and wood, the distribution of layers of crust at depth, which necessitated the use of mathematical models based on the principles of situational simulation of the transition branch from one state to another. Calculation method and basic parameters of the process allows us to develop organizational, technological and technical measures ensuring the stability of quality indicators of group debarking wood in debarking drums. Also, the model presented in the form of functional block diagrams based on the graphical user interface of Matlab with Simulink application. Using the Simulink block sets of charge constants, variables, functions, and compute the organized process of calculating the basic parameters of the object-oriented method.


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