DESIGN OF WOOD CHIPS AND ASSOCIATED VOCS TREATMENT EQUIPMENT FOR WOOD PROCESSING

The paper studies the process of uneven load at longitudinal milling by small tool cross-conical cutters of sawing machines. Non-uniformity of process load during milling by specified cutters was quantitatively evaluated by the indicator of the non-uniformity of the technological load during cycle of processing of logs and sawn timbers and wood chips. For small tool cutters, this figure is the ratio of the maximum total length of the cutting edges of cutters to the average length of their cutting edges simultaneously participating in a cutting cycle for processing of wood (turnover of cutters). Butt-tapered (conical) small tool cutters were conventionally considered as a discrete set of stepped cylindrical cutters, i.e. as often case of small tool cutter. The process of interaction of cutters with the wood for its processing cycle was divided into four zones (periods): I zone – time of insertion off all cutters of the group into the timber; II zone – the period of all cutters and serial outputs of them from the timber; III zone – period of successive outputs of cutters from wood; IV zone – period of approach of neighboring group cutters. The size and relative orientation of the time of these zones in the steady cutting defines the different nature of the interaction of cutters with the wood with varying intensity of process load. Mathematical relationships of these zones and taking it into account – dependence of the definition of the index of uneven process load per cycle of wood processing were obtained, calculations were made and a number of parameters cutters were substantiated. The effect on the rate of uneven width, height, milling, as well as the angle of rotation of cutters in the center plane of milling cutter was defined.

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Wood Waste Characterization and Reuse Possibilities

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies - Handbook of Research on Waste Diversion and Minimization Technologies for the Industrial Sector ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch018 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 369-385

Author(s):

Eraldo Antonio Bonfatti Júnior ◽

Thiago Campos Monteiro ◽

Elaine Cristina Lengowski

Keyword(s):

Black Liquor ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Natural Material ◽

Chemical Processing ◽

Mechanical Processing ◽

Waste Wood ◽

Waste Characterization ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Wood Flooring

Wood is the most versatile natural material. It can be used to obtain sawn wood, wood for civil construction, naval purpose, packaging, furniture, wood flooring, composites, bioenergy, pulp and paper. More recently, nanotechnology and the biorefinery processes create new possibilities for wood use; however, wood processing still generates a large amount of waste. Wood can be processed mechanically or chemically. The mechanical processing of wood has residues like sawdust, cuttings, and wood chips. From the chemical processing of wood, the main residue is black liquor.

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Calculation of debarking drum in the Matlab environment.

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2016.215.120-133 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Л.Д. Бухтояров ◽

И.В. Григорьев ◽

О.А. Куницкая ◽

А.Е. Лукин ◽

Д.Е. Куницкая

Keyword(s):

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Raw Material ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Processing Times ◽

Basic Parameters ◽

The Stability ◽

Probabilistic Nature

Из древесины производится около 20 тысяч наименований продукции, причем около 95% приходится на продукцию химической и механо-химической переработки древесины. Большая часть таких производств в качестве сырья потребляет технологическую щепу, к которой предъявляются требования по наличию в ней коры, гнилей и минеральных включений. Наиболее трудо- и энергоемкой операцией технологического процесса по производству технологической щепы является окорка балансовой древесины, которая в подавляющем большинстве случаев производится методом групповой окорки в окорочных барабанах различной конструкции. В статье представлена математическая модель процесса групповой окорки лесоматериалов в окорочных барабанах, позволяющая оценивать один из основных параметров групповой окорки лесоматериалов – время их обработки, при котором будут минимизированы потери древесины без снижения качества окорки, с учетом конструктивных элементов барабана, параметров балансов, их свойств и температуры. Учтен вероятностный характер таких показателей, как время окорки, физико-механические свойства коры и древесины, особенности распределения слоев коры по глубине, что обусловило необходимость применения математической модели, основанной на принципах ситуационного моделирования процессов перехода лесоматериала из одного состояния в другое. Методика расчета и управления основными параметрами процесса позволяет разрабатывать организационные, технологические и технические мероприятия, обеспечивающие стабильность качественных показателей групповой окорки лесоматериалов в окорочных барабанах. Также модель представлена в виде функциональной блок-схемы, основанной на графическом интерфейсе Matlab с приложением Simulink. Используя наборы блоков Simulink, отвечающих за константы, переменные, функции, и вычислительные операции, организован процесс расчета основных параметров объектно-ориентированным методом. Wood is produced about 20 thousand kinds of products, with about 95% products of the chemical and mechano-chemical processing of wood. Most of these industries as raw material consumes wood chips, which are requirements for the presence of bark, rot and mineral inclusions. Most labor and energy intensive operation of the technological process for the manufacturing of wood chips is the debarking of pulpwood, which in the vast majority of cases, produced by a group of debarking in debarking drums of various designs. The article presents a mathematical model of the process of group debarking wood in debarking drums allows one to assess one of the key parameter group of debarking wood – processing times, which will be minimized wood losses without reducing the quality of the debarking, taking into account the structural elements of the drum, the balance parameters, their properties and temperature. Account the probabilistic nature of such indicators as: debarking, physical and mechanical properties of bark and wood, the distribution of layers of crust at depth, which necessitated the use of mathematical models based on the principles of situational simulation of the transition branch from one state to another. Calculation method and basic parameters of the process allows us to develop organizational, technological and technical measures ensuring the stability of quality indicators of group debarking wood in debarking drums. Also, the model presented in the form of functional block diagrams based on the graphical user interface of Matlab with Simulink application. Using the Simulink block sets of charge constants, variables, functions, and compute the organized process of calculating the basic parameters of the object-oriented method.

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Microwave-Assisted One-Step Conversion of Wood Wastes into Levulinic Acid

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9090753 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 753 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Grzegorz Kłosowski ◽

Dawid Mikulski ◽

Aleksandra Menka

Keyword(s):

Sulfuric Acid ◽

Levulinic Acid ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Biomass Conversion ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Biomass Concentration ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Concentration ◽

Wood Processing

This study aimed to evaluate the use of softwood and hardwood waste for the production of levulinic acid by one-stage conversion using microwave radiation combined with acid catalysis. The analysis demonstrated that the type and concentration of the acid used, the concentration of biomass in the reaction mixture and pressure value had the greatest impact on the yield of levulinic acid. The highest efficiency of carbohydrate conversion to levulinic acid, regardless of the type of raw material, was achieved using a pressure of 225 PSI and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. Maximum yield from biomass, ca. 16.5% for cherry wood chips and ca. 25% for pine chips, was obtained using sulfuric acid at a concentration of 1% v/v and 2% v/v, respectively, for the following process parameters: Exposure time 20 min, biomass concentration 3.3%, and the pressure of 225 PSI. The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield was high: 64.7% ± 4.5% for pine chips and 43.4% ± 1.0% for cherry wood chips. High efficiency of the presented method of biomass conversion to levulinic acid indicates the possibility of its use for waste management in the wood processing industry. High concentration of levulinic acid in the post-reaction mixture allows for cost-effective extraction and purification of the compound.

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FEATURES OF LARIX SIBIRICA LEDEB WOOD PROCESSING INTO HIGH YIELD FIBROUS SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS

chemistry of plant raw material ◽

10.14258/jcprm.2021018472 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 317-325

Author(s):

Dmitriy Sergeyevich Kazymov ◽

Lyudmila Gertsevna Makhotina ◽

Андрей Борисович Nikandrov ◽

Anton Gennad'yevich Kuznetsov ◽

Эдуард Львович Akim

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Specific Energy ◽

Specific Energy Consumption ◽

Far East ◽

Larix Sibirica ◽

Enzymatic Treatment ◽

Wood Chips ◽

High Yield ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Larch Wood

About 40 % of the forest area in the Russian Federation is occupied by larch trees growing in the southern regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, where existing and reconstructed woodworking enterprises are located. In this regard, the use of larch wood in the production of fibrous semi-finished products is an urgent task for the Russian forest complex. As is known, larch wood contains a large number of extractive substances that have a significant impact on the process of its deep chemical processing. Therefore, it can be assumed that the production of wood (mechanical) pulp from larch wood, in particular chemical-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP), will be very effective, but with its own specific features. In this paper, it is proposed to modify the technology by using enzymes – protein catalysts of various reactions. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of using larch wood enzymatic treatment in CTMP-technology, to evaluate the effect of enzymes on the physical and mechanical parameters of the fiber and the specific energy consumption during refining. Industrial samples of Larix sibirica Ledeb (Pinaceae) wood chips were used to obtain CTMP. Five commercially available enzymatic agents were used to treat wood chips. CTMP was obtained using laboratory equipment that simulates the industrial stages of production. Enzymatic treatment of larch wood has shown an improvement in the technological parameters of CTMP production, namely, a decrease in the specific energy consumption for refining and an increase in the quality of finished products.

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Techno-Economic Modeling of Biomass Pellet Routes: Feasibility in Italy

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13071636 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1636 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Antonio Pantaleo ◽

Mauro Villarini ◽

Andrea Colantoni ◽

Maurizio Carlini ◽

Francesco Santoro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Production Costs ◽

Wood Chips ◽

High Moisture Content ◽

High Moisture ◽

Production Chain ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Pellet Production ◽

Pre Treatment

Wood and agricultural biomass pellets boost the potential as bio-fuels toward power production in tertiary and residential sectors. The production of pellets, however, is a multi-stage process where the supply-processing phases and the overall energy input strongly depend on the characteristics of the input biomass. In this paper, we describe the key features of the market for pellets in Italy, including national production and consumption data, production costs and prices, the available energy conversion systems, and the current regulatory issues. Moreover, we outline the main technical, economic, and end-user barriers that should be addressed in order to foster the growth of Italian pellet production. Additionally, we propose a methodology to evaluate the profitability of the pellet production chain, by assessing the investment and operation costs as a function of the quality of the raw biomass. The approach is applied to a real case study of a small firm producing wooden frames along with dry wood chips as the main by-product, which can be utilized subsequently for pellet production. Moreover, in order to optimize the size of the pellet production plant, further biomass was purchased from the market, including wood pruning and agricultural residues, wood chips from forestry, and uncontaminated residues of wood processing firms. A sensitivity analysis of the main technical and economic parameters (including the cost and quality of raw material, pellet market value, investment and operational costs, and plant lifetime) indicated that the biomass market price considerably affects the profitability of pellet production plants, particularly where the biomass has a high moisture content. Therefore, a 20% increase in the price of biomass with a high moisture content leads to a 60% fall in profitability index, turning it into negative one. This is due in particular to the costs of pre-treatment and drying of biomass, as well as to the lower energy content of wet biomass. As a result, the use of forestry residues with high moisture and high ash content, high costs of collection/transport, and high costs of pre-treatment and drying is not financially competitive.

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DYNAMICS OF CHANGE OF THERMAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MILLED WOOD MATERIALS IN A SOLID WOOD DISPERSION SYSTEM UNDER PILE STORAGE

Forestry Engineering Journal ◽

10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/12 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 109-116

Author(s):

Vladimir Melekhov ◽

Aleksandr Desnev ◽

Viktor Danilov ◽

T. Tyurikova

Keyword(s):

Experimental Studies ◽

Solid Wood ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Heating Process ◽

Mass Storage ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Critical Temperatures ◽

Thermophilic Microorganisms ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Self Heating

Shredded wood materials are stored at wood processing enterprises in open areas in formed piles that have various shapes and sizes. The disadvantage of wood mass storage in this way is uncontrolled self-heating of wood chips to critical temperatures under the influence of thermophilic microorganisms. In the absence of proper control over the self-heating process, the useful mass of wood is lost, its quality is significantly deteriorated and there is a risk of wood burning. It is necessary to remove excess thermal energy from the array of ground wood material to prevent negative consequences. The purpose of the work is to study the dynamics of quantitative indicators of the thermophysical characteristics of chopped wood materials (wood chips, sawdust, shavings, and bark) in an environment of bulk pile during storage. During the work, standard thermal analysis methods have been used. The studies have been carried out in the laboratory of fire and technical expertise of building and finishing materials and the central design department of Common Use Center "Arctic", Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov. As a result, a mathematical description of the dependence of the coefficients of thermal conductivity and heat capacity of ground wood materials on humidity and temperature, numerical values of the temperatures of smoldering, ignition and self-ignition of technological wood chips, sawdust, screenings from wood chips and bark has been obtained. The results of experimental studies are used to simulate heat and mass transfer processes in the objects of storage of crushed wood and to improve the technology of safe storage of technological chips.

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Storage Problems of Poplar Chips from Short Rotation Plantations with Special Emphasis on Fungal Development

Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica ◽

10.2478/v10303-012-0010-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 123-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zsuzsanna Horváth ◽

Béla Marosvölgyi ◽

Christine Idler ◽

Ralf Pecenka ◽

Hannes Lenz

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Health Risk ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Ph Value ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Raw Material ◽

Special Focus ◽

Fungal Development ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Fungal Particles

Abstract - There are several problems in storing wood chips freshly harvested from short rotation plantations, which result in quality losses as well as in dry matter and energy losses. The factors influencing the degradation of raw material are examined in this paper with special focus on fungal development. An excessive growth of fungi is connected to dry matter losses and also to an increased health risk during raw material handling. The following factors were measured during 6 months storage of poplar wood chips depending on particle size: box temperature, moisture content, pH-value, appearance of fungi in the storage and the concentration of fungal particles in the air. The results show a close connection between particle size, temperature and attack of fungi. During the storage mesophilic and termophilic species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor and Penicillium appeared. The concentration of fungal particles is the highest for fine chips and decreases in bigger particles. There was a special focus on the investigation of the properties of coarse chips (G 50), which represent a good compromise between handling, storage losses and health risk due to fungal development.

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