Nanotechnology Based Emerging Approaches to Combat Malaria and Dengue Fever

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-205
Author(s):  
Toqeer Ahmed ◽  
Irfan Liaqat ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Larvicidal Activities ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Different Origin ◽  
Different Parts

Nanotechnology has vast applications in virtually all the fields including health and environment. Nanomaterials have different origins like plants, animals, metals, and microorganisms. They have larvicidal activities against mosquito larvae that cause malaria and dengue fever which are most malicious parasitic diseases of human beings. Multidrug resistance of malaria has been reported in different parts of Southeast Asia especially to the first line of antimalarial drugs. Nanomaterials having different origin, sizes, concentrations, and shapes, have varied efficacy against the vectors which are comparable with the commercially available insecticides and even have better results than the same. Nanomaterials can be used as an alternative to commercially available insecticides for the eradication of vectors causing both the diseases. In this chapter, types, sources, composition, larvicidal potential against vectors of nanomaterials have been discussed along with possible toxicity and future recommendations on the eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquito-borne diseases.

scholarly journals The need of discoursing social theology in Muslim Southeast Asia

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Azhar Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Religious Commitment ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Community Of Faith ◽  
Rapid Social Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Message ◽  
Human Enterprise

This paper highlights and evaluates the significance of an emerging social theologicaldiscourse in contemporary Muslim Southeast Asia. It emerged partlyas a response to the traditional Islamic theology inasmuch as the revivalistdakwah activism that became prominent since the 1970s. This emerging discourseis part of the continuity and extension of the reformist voices whichhave evolved since the late 19th century. As a theology, it puts discourse aboutGod as its premium but extend its focus on the social dimension of faith inGod, of the social message of the religion, and the social responsibility of theman and community of faith in God, and to their fellow human beings. Todaythere are several books and articles written which can be classified as belongingto this genre of social theology. In Indonesia this discursive theologycan be found in rational, humanistic, transformative cultural, and the oppressedtheologies. It opens a wider realm of participation and engagement,where theology is no longer the exclusive affairs of experts, but inclusive of thelay intellectuals who are not necessarily from a strictly religious background.It also enables the Muslim public to comprehend critically and to cope creativelywith rapid social change, and its attendant problems. Theology is, afterall, a human enterprise, albeit it’s strong religious commitment. To harnessthe potentiality of the social theology, calls for its recognition. Herein lies the need to start studying and engaging them discerningly, or to advance its criticaldimensions for the benefits of the larger Muslim public.Paper ini menyoroti dan mengevaluasi pentingnya wacana teologi sosial yangmuncul dalam periode kontemporer Muslim Asia Tenggara. Teologi sosialmuncul sebagian sebagai tanggapan terhadap teologi Islam tradisional karenaaktivisme dakwah revivalis yang semakin menonjol sejak tahun 1970-an. Wacanayang muncul di sini merupakan bagian dari kontinuitas dan perluasan suarareformis yang telah berkembang sejak akhir abad ke-19. Sebagai teologi, teologisocial menempatkan wacana utama tentang Tuhan tetapi memperluas fokusnyapada dimensi sosial iman kepada Allah, pesan sosial agama, dan tanggungjawab sosial dari komunitas iman kepada Allah, dan terhadap sesama manusia.Saat ini ada beberapa buku dan artikel yang ditulis yang dapat diklasifikasikansebagai milik genre teologi sosial. Di Indonesia teologi diskursif ini dapatditemukan dalam teologi-teologi rasional, humanistik, budaya transformatif,dan teologi kaum tertindas. Ini membuka sebuah dunia yang lebih luas bagipartisipasi dan keterlibatan, di mana teologi tidak lagi urusan eksklusif paraahli, tetapi termasuk para intelektual awam yang tidak harus berasal dari latarbelakang agama secara ketat. Hal ini juga memungkinkan masyarakat Muslimuntuk memahami secara kritis dan kreatif dalam mengatasi perubahan sosialyang cepat dan problem yang muncul. Di luar itu semua, teologi sosial adalahurusan manusia, dengan komitmen keagamaan yang kuat. Untuk memanfaatkanpotensi dari teologi sosial, diperlukan panggilan untuk pengakuan. Di sinilahletak kebutuhan untuk mulai mengkaji dan melibatkan teologi sosial, ataumengedepankan dimensi kritis dari teologi sosial agar bermanfaat lebih besarmasyarakat Muslim.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN SANITASI LINGKUNGAN SEKOLAH DASAR DENGAN KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI KECAMATAN CANDI KABUPATEN SIDOARJO

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Nirmala Tri Kartika ◽  
Supriyadi Supriyadi ◽  
Agung Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Environmental Sanitation ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Abstract: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has increased every year. The DHF case ini Sidoarjo district has increased in 3 years. The case was experienced by many children of primary school age. One factor that can increase the risk of this disease is the environmental sanitation of the school. The study aims to determine the relationship between environmental sanitation of elementary school with the incidence of dengue in the Candi subdistrict, Sidoarjo. This type of research is Analytical Survey. The study population is 29 state elementary schools in Candi subdistrict, Sidoarjo. Samplers using cluster random sampling technique, that obtained 24 schools. Collecting data used for the assessment from Health Office of Sidoarjo District. Analysis of data is used statistical test of Rank Spearman. Based on the study results showed that there is no significant relationship between elementary schools environmental sanitation with the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (0,570> 0,05), with the translation of sub variables studied as follows: there is no significant relationship between the availability of clean water to the incidence of dengue fever dengue (0,293> 0,05), there is no significant relationship between the means of waste disposal with the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (0,729> 0,05), and no significant correlation between the density of mosquito larvae with the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (0,031 <0,05). The conclusion of this study is there is no relationship between the school environmental sanitation, sub variable of water supply and waste disposal facilities with the incidence of dengue fever. There is a relationship between sub variable density of mosquito larvae with.Keywords: school environmental sanitation, dengue fever, SidoarjoAbstrak: Penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Kabupaten Sidoarjo mengalami peningkatan selama 3 tahun terakhir. Kasus tersebut banyak dialami oleh anak usia sekolah dasar. Salah satu faktor yang dapat meningkatkan resiko penyakit ini ialah sanitasi lingkungan sekolah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan sanitasi lingkungan sekolah dasar dengan kejadian demam berdarah dengue di Kecamatan Candi Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Survei Analitik. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kecamatan Candi Kabupaten Siodarjo yang berjumlah 29 sekolah, pengambil sampel dengan menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling, diperoleh jumlah sampel, yaitu 24 sekolah. Pengumpulan data menggunakan format penilaian dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Siodarjo. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Rank Spearman. Berdasarkan hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara sanitasi lingkungan sekolah dasar dengan kejadian demam berdarah dengue (0,570 > 0,05), dengan penjabaran sub variabel yang diteliti sebagai berikut: tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara ketersedian air bersih dengan kejadian demam berdarah dengue (0,293 > 0,05), tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara sarana pembuangan sampah dengan kejadian demam berdarah dengue (0,729 > 0,05), dan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kepadatan jentik nyamuk dengan kejadian demam berdarah dengue (0,031 < 0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tidak ada hubungan antara sanitasi lingkungan sekolah, sub variabel ketersediaan air bersih dan sub variabel sarana pembuangan sampah dengan kejadian demam berdarah dengue. Ada hubungan antara sub variabel kepadatan jentik nyamuk dengan kejadian demam berdarah dengue.Kata kunci: sanitasi lingkungan sekolah, demam berdarah dengue, Sidoarjo

scholarly journals Fusing Logical Relationship Information of Text in Neural Network for Text Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heyong Wang ◽  
Dehang Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Text Classification ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Classification Algorithms ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
Logical Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Better Than

With the development of computer science and information science, text classification technology has been greatly developed and its application scenarios have been widened. In traditional process of text classification, the existing method will lose much logical relationship information of text. The logical relationship information of a text refers to the relationship information among different logical parts of the text, such as title, abstract, and body. When human beings are reading, they will take title as an important part to remind the central idea of the article, abstract as a brief summary of the content of the article, and body as a detailed description of the article. In most of the text classification studies, researchers concern more about the relationship among words (word frequency, semantics, etc.) and neglect the logical relationship information of text. It will lose information about the relationship among different parts (title, body, etc.) and have an influence on the performance of text classification. Therefore, we propose a text classification algorithm—fusing the logical relationship information of text in neural network (FLRIOTINN), which complements the logical relationship information into text classification algorithms. Experiments show that the effect of FLRIOTINN is better than the conventional backpropagation neural networks which does not consider the logical relationship information of text.

scholarly journals Expansion of a Specific Plasmodium falciparum PfMDR1 Haplotype in Southeast Asia with Increased Substrate Transport

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Calçada ◽  
Miguel Silva ◽  
Vitória Baptista ◽  
Vandana Thathy ◽  
Rita Silva-Pedrosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Multidrug Resistance Protein ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Protein

ABSTRACT Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been vital in reducing malaria mortality rates since the 2000s. Their efficacy, however, is threatened by the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia. The Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 (PfMDR1) transporter plays a central role in parasite resistance to ACT partner drugs through gene copy number variations (CNV) and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using genomic epidemiology, we show that multiple pfmdr1 copies encoding the N86 and 184F haplotype are prevalent across Southeast Asia. Applying genome editing tools on the Southeast Asian Dd2 strain and using a surrogate assay to measure transporter activity in infected red blood cells, we demonstrate that parasites harboring multicopy N86/184F PfMDR1 have a higher Fluo-4 transport capacity compared with those expressing the wild-type N86/Y184 haplotype. Multicopy N86/184F PfMDR1 is also associated with decreased parasite susceptibility to lumefantrine. These findings provide evidence of the geographic selection and expansion of specific multicopy PfMDR1 haplotypes associated with multidrug resistance in Southeast Asia. IMPORTANCE Global efforts to eliminate malaria depend on the continued success of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) that target Plasmodium asexual blood-stage parasites. Resistance to ACTs, however, has emerged, creating the need to define the underlying mechanisms. Mutations in the P. falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 (PfMDR1) transporter constitute an important determinant of resistance. Applying gene editing tools combined with an analysis of a public database containing thousands of parasite genomes, we show geographic selection and expansion of a pfmdr1 gene amplification encoding the N86/184F haplotype in Southeast Asia. Parasites expressing this PfMDR1 variant possess a higher transport capacity that modulates their responses to antimalarials. These data could help tailor and optimize antimalarial drug usage in different regions where malaria is endemic by taking into account the regional prevalence of pfmdr1 polymorphisms.

The in vitro antimalarial interaction of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone and α-mangostin with mefloquine/artesunate

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanna Chaijaroenkul ◽  
Kesara Na-Bangchang
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Combination Index ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Parasite Growth ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health

AbstractMultidrug resistance Plasmodium falciparum is the major health problem in Thailand. Discovery and development of new antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action is urgently required. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimalarial interaction of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone and α-mangostin with the standard antimalarial drugs mefloquine and artesunate in chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (K1) P. falciparum clones in vitro. Median (range) IC50 (drug concentration which produces 50% parasite growth inhibition) values of the 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, α-mangostin, artesunate and mefloquine for 3D7 vs K1 clones were 1.5 (0.9-2.1) vs 1.2 (1.1-1.6) μM, 17.9 (15.7.0-20.0) vs 9.7 (6.0-14.0) μM, 1.0 (0.4-3.0) vs 1.7 (1.0-2.5) nM, and 13.3 (11.1-13.3) vs 7.1 (6.7-12.2) nM, respectively. Analysis of isobologram and combination index (CI) of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone with artesunate or mefloquine showed synergistic and indifference antimalarial interaction, respectively. α-mangostin-artesunate combination exhibited a slight antagonistic effect of antimalarial interaction, whereas α-mangostin and mefloquine combination showed indifference interaction in both clones. The combination of 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone with α-mangostin showed the synergistic antimalarial interaction in both clones

scholarly journals Slaves and Slave Trade in the Timor Area: Between Indigenous Structures and External Impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33
Author(s):  
Hans Hägerdal
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
External Impact

Abstract This study rethinks the patterns of slave-holding and slave trade that can be discerned in small-scale societies in the Timor region of the Indonesian archipelago, especially Timor, the Solor and Alor Islands, Rote, and Savu. It studies how European powers—the Dutch and the Portuguese—influenced the trade in enslaved human beings and how this was balanced by slaving conducted by Asian forces. The study is based in large part on archival sources from the VOC period, together with published Portuguese sources. Data on these issues provides some basis for comparisons with other, better documented cases of slavery and slaving in Southeast Asia and elsewhere. This contributes to an understanding of how local systems of slavery interacted with the transregional systems represented by external groups.

scholarly journals Dengue Fever in Travelers Returning from Southeast Asia

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Sung ◽  
Daniel P. O'Brien ◽  
Elizabeth Matchett ◽  
Graham V. Brown ◽  
Joseph Torresi
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Dengue Fever

scholarly journals Gene Amplification of the Multidrug Resistance 1 Gene of Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 2657-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallika Imwong ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee ◽  
Wirichada Pongtavornpinyo ◽  
Supatchara Nakeesathit ◽  
Shalini Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Gene Amplification ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Multidrug Resistance 1 Gene

ABSTRACT Plasmodium vivax mdr1 gene amplification, quantified by real-time PCR, was significantly more common on the western Thailand border (6 of 66 samples), where mefloquine pressure has been intense, than elsewhere in southeast Asia (3 of 149; P = 0.02). Five coding mutations in pvmdr1, independent of gene amplification, were also found.

Pleistocene Images outside Europe.

1991 ◽  
Vol 57 (01) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Bahn
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Artistic Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Different Parts

At first sight it may seem a pointless exercise to produce a survey of late Pleistocene ‘artistic activity’ around the world, but there are two specific aims involved here: first, to show that human beings in different parts of the world were producing ‘art’ at roughly the same time, i.e. from about 40,000 BC onward, and particularly at the end of the Pleistocene, from about 12,0000 BC, and second, to show that the well known Ice Age art of Europe is no longer unique, but part of a far more widespread phenomenon (Bahn 1987; Bahn and Vertut 1988, 26–32). The European art remains supreme in its quantity and its ‘quality’ (i.e. its realism and its wide range of techniques), but that situation may well alter in the next decade or two as new discoveries are made elsewhere and new dating methods are refined and extended.Ironically, the first clue to Pleistocene art outside Europe was found as long ago as 1870, only a few years after Edouard Lartet's and Henry Christy's discoveries in southern France were authenticated. Unfortunately, the object in question was badly published, and dis-appeared from 1895 until its rediscovery in 1956, and consequently very few works on Pleistocene art mention it. This mineralized sacrum of an extinct fossil camelid was found at Tequixquiac in the northern part of the central basin of Mexico. The bone is carved and engraved (two nostrils have been cut into the end) so as to represent the head of a pig-like or dog-like animal (pl. 18a). The circumstances of its discovery are unclear, but it is thought to be from a late Pleistocene bone bed, and to be at least 11,000 or 12,000 years old (Aveleyra 1965; Messmacher 1981,94). At present it is on exhibit in Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology.

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