Tourism as an Agent of Peace and Reconciliation in Cross-Strait Relations

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-147
Author(s):  
Jorge Tavares da Silva ◽  
Zélia Breda
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Dynamics ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level ◽  
Peace And Reconciliation

There is a non-violent conflict over Taiwan's sovereignty, between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). For PRC, this division cannot persist forever and does not exclude a possible military solution. While political divisions remain, the population on both sides of the strait interact, existing sociocultural and economic dynamics. These are usually interpreted as people-to-people dynamics, in which individuals act as peace agents or citizen diplomats. Tourism is a good example of this phenomenon, considering the increasing visitor flows between both sides. This dynamism sometimes pressures the political power to transform the conflict, but also acts as a throwing weapon in times of hostility. After 2016, the political landscape in Taiwan changed, and tourism became one of the sectors involved in political tensions. This chapter explores several dimensions of tourism in this conflict, particularly its role in peace and reconciliation between Mainland China and Taiwan, but also its vulnerabilities regarding high-level bilateral relations.

scholarly journals The China crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S349) ◽  
pp. 222-227
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Liu
Keyword(s):  
International Collaboration ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Mainland Chinese ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Astronomical Society ◽  
International Collaborations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

AbstractThe so-called China crisis, well documented in History of the IAU by Adriaan Blaauw and in Under the Same Starry Sky: History of the IAU by Chengqi Fu and Shuhua Ye, refers to the withdrawal in 1960 of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from the Union. The crisis stemmed from the admission by the IAU, amidst strong protest from PRC and some other member countries, of the Republic of China (ROC) to the Union, creating the so-called “Two Chinas” – or “One China, one Taiwan” problem. The crisis directly led to the absence of mainland Chinese astronomers from the stage of international collaborations and exchanges, and was only solved two decades later. The solution, accepted by all the parties involved, is that China is to have two adhering organizations, with mainland China astronomers represented by the Chinese Astronomical Society located in Nanjing (China Nanjing) and China Taiwan astronomers represented by the Academia Sinica located in Taipei (China Taipei). The denominations “China Nanjing” and “China Taipei” represent the IAU official resolution and should be used in all IAU events.The China crisis, probably the most serious one in IAU history, was a painful lesson in the 100-year development of the Union. Yet, with its eventual solution, the Union has emerged stronger, upholding its spirit of promoting astronomical development through international collaboration of astronomers from all regions and countries, regardless of the political systems, religion, ethnicity, gender or level of astronomical development.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE-BELARUSIAN RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS IN 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Чунян Ли
Keyword(s):  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
The Republic

В данной статье анализируется современное состояние и перспективы развития отношения между КНР и Республикой Беларусь. В последние годы Минск и Пекин эффективно взаимодействуют как в экономи-ческой, так и политической сфере и имеют хороший потенциал для углубления сотрудничества. Китай выступил одним из немногих стран, поддержавших действующую белорусскую власть, что должно придать двусторонним отношениям новый импульс. This article analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Belarus. In recent years, Minsk and Beijing have effectively interacted in both the economic and political spheres and have a good potential for deepening cooperation. China was one of the few countries that supported the current Belarusian government, which should give a new impetus to bilateral relations.

Mass Immunization in East Asia and Global Health, 1960–80

2019 ◽  
pp. 144-165
Author(s):  
Mary Augusta Brazelton
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
The Republic ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter investigates the role of mass immunization in Chinese medical diplomacy programs during the 1960s and 1970s. While most scholarship has stressed the influence of barefoot doctor and other paraprofessional training programs in the emergence of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a global model for rural health services, mass immunization programs in China had measurable results—in terms of lowered incidence of disease—that helped legitimize these training efforts and the nation's program of rural health care more broadly. Ultimately, the global popularization of Chinese public health was a consequence of regional competition within East Asia. During the Cold War era, the PRC used medical aid to foreign countries to compete for power and influence with the Republic of China on Taiwan, where institutions and personnel that the Nationalist Party brought to the island after 1948 built upon practices established during the period of Japanese colonial rule (1895–1945). The involvement of Taiwan in medical diplomacy reflected the expansionist agendas of its Western allies in the Cold War as well as competition with the PRC for recognition as the legitimate government of mainland China.

scholarly journals Chinese-Russian mechanism of the high-level judicial cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-770
Author(s):  
Jiang Siyuan ◽  
◽  
Gan Zhongyang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Services ◽  
Legal Service ◽  
Judicial Cooperation ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
New Era ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Compliance With The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

In the past 70 years, Chinese-Russian relations have reached an unprecedentedly high level. The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation, in the spirit of neighborliness, friendship, and cooperation, are developing comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation in this new era to raise bilateral relations to a new and higher level. The high-level interaction mechanisms established between Russia and China have played a crucial role in achieving new ambitious goals and long-term benchmarks for cooperation. Judicial cooperation has broad development prospects as an important guarantee for interaction in areas that are truly important for both countries. The strengthening of judicial cooperation between Russia and China, on the one hand, promotes the conjunction and adaptation of various institutional arrangements involving mutual trade, investment, and economic cooperation, such as trade and investment rules, technical standards, and legal bases between countries. Cooperation also provides a basis for the development of relevant uniform rules. On the other hand, it also helps to improve the level of foreign-related legal services, including lawyers, notaries and mediation, to ensure the free flow of various elements between different economies, to help small and medium-sized enterprises operate in full compliance with the law and resolve disputes. In order to serve the needs of participants in international trade between Russia and China, promote the policy of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the construction of the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, it is possible to improve the level of special foreign-related legal services, create legal service platforms, build an experienced international legal services team, and establish one more mechanism of judicial cooperation under the unique, effective mechanism of regular meetings between the heads of the Russian and Chinese governments.

scholarly journals Foreign policy positioning issue of small States (on the example of the Republic of Belarus relations with the Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China)

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
E. D. Salmygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Small States ◽  
Small State ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Policy Strategies ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Foreign Policy Strategies

Small states are very weak in the political area. That is why there is a need for them to try to choose the various foreign policy strategies to defend themselves. Belarus is a small state that needs to survive in our rapidly developing and politically unstable world. Having emerged as a newly independent state as the result of the collapse of the USSR, Belarus faced a difficult choice in the decision where it was going to move further and on whom it could rely. In particular, in recent years, Belarus needs to make a subtle strategic calculation as to how to manage its relations with two important partners: Russia and China. This article considers the theory of small states’ foreign policy strategies in detail. It analyzes the choice of Belarus’s foreign policy strategies towards China and Russia. It shows that Belarus combines some characteristics from the classic small states’ foreign policy strategies, and it does not fully follow any of them.

scholarly journals From Rebels to Rulers and Legislators: The Political Transformation of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) in Indonesia

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Stange ◽  
Roman Patock
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Role Model ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Independence Movement ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Free Aceh Movement ◽  
The Republic

On 15 August 2005, when the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in Helsinki, Finland, it was considered yet another uncertain attempt at putting an end to Indonesia's thirty years of conflict in its westernmost province, Aceh. After a historically unprecedented reconstruction process that followed the tsunami of December 2004 and two orderly elections in 2006/2007 and 2009, Aceh's peace process is not only still on track, but widely considered a role model for ending protracted civil wars by means of political participation and autonomy regulations. This article reviews past developments that have led to the reconfiguration of Aceh's political landscape and seeks to illustrate the most recent developments in GAM's transformation from an independence movement to an Indonesian local political party.

scholarly journals Saving the Nation by Sacrificing Your Life: Authoritarianism and Chiang Kai-shek's War for the Retaking of China

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-86
Author(s):  
Isabelle Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
Authoritarian Government ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the role assigned to citizens by the ideology of authoritarianism in the relationship between Chiang Kai-shek's war to retake mainland China and the wartime regime constructed for fighting that war. Viewing Chiang's ambition of retaking China by force as an anti-communist nationalist war, this paper considers this prolonged civil war as Chiang's attempt at restoring the impaired sovereignty of the Republic of China. Adopting the concept of “necropolitics,” this paper argues that what underlay the planning for war was the manipulation of the life and death of the citizenry and a distinction drawn between the Chinese nation to be saved and the condemned communist Other. This manipulation and demarcation was institutionally enforced by an authoritarian government that violated citizens' human rights for the sake of winning the nationalist war.

The Cold War Comes to Chinatown

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredy González
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cold War

As the Cold War dragged on and the Republic of China failed to effect its reconquest of mainland China, not all Chinese Mexicans continued to support the Republic of China. Some defected to support the People’s Republic of China, or openly traveled to mainland China or expressed their reservations about the ROC. For this, they were exposed as subversives and surveilled by the ROC, Mexican, and US governments. This chapter illustrates how transnational causes could have local repercussions, as some Chinese Mexicans began to chafe under their relationship with the ROC.

The International Standing of the Republic of China on Taiwan

1996 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 1319-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Yahuda
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
International Community ◽  
China Policy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
International Standing ◽  
Beijing Government ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic

In the 1990s Taiwan began to pose a complex new challenge to the international community. At issue is Taiwan's attempt to revise the so-called “one China” policy as it had been previously understood. By seeking to be treated as a separate state that was distinct from mainland China, Taiwan was embarking on a new approach that confronted the Beijing government with what it saw as the totally unacceptable prospect of secession by a renegade province that would in effect subvert China's unity and national coherence.

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