Christine de Pizan

2021 ◽  
pp. 319-340
Author(s):  
Maria Helena Marques Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Christine De Pizan ◽  
Positive Reappraisal ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Female Condition ◽  
The Creation ◽  
De Mulieribus Claris

In creating her own particular style and legitimizing her status as a literary woman, a reflection on the female condition emerges from her work. This chapter considers two key texts: Cité des dames and Epistre Othea. The author's aim in the latter may not initially seem to be the exploration of women's dignification, since we are dealing with a text in which a goddess, called Othéa, teaches the young Hector morality. The creation of a new female mythological figure, however, establishing a parallel with Plutarch, as well as the positive reappraisal of some mythological characters reveals that Epistre Othea implicitly proposes a reflection on female rehabilitation. The introduction into this corpus of Ovide moralisé and the 15th century translation of Boccaccio's De mulieribus claris, which served as a reference for Pizan, is therefore highly significant.

scholarly journals A Pécsváradi oklevél helyneveinek szövegkörnyezete

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Melinda Szőke
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Common Noun ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Way

The Textual Context of Toponyms in the Charter of Pécsvárad The Charter of Pécsvárad (+1015/+1158 [1220 k.]/1323/1403/PR.) is a charter of an uncertain chronological status that has survived after multiple copies from the 15th century and prior to the creation of the 13th-century forged charter, a char-ter was probably issued for the Abbey of Pécsvárad also in the age of King St. Ste-phen. The founding charter includes approximately 140 indications of places and my paper examines the textual context of these. When analyzing names with a desig-nating word and a Latin geographical common noun and toponyms without it, we have identified solutions in the charters that differ from processes deemed regular later on. This includes, for example, the presence of incomplete structures with a designating word without a main component or the lack of name occurrences of the Latin geographical common noun + Hungarian toponym type. Based on the exploration of the context of toponyms in the charter, it seems cer-tain that the more extensive issuing of charters also influenced the way how proper names were recorded in the text. With time, the large number of insertions without a structure seen in the Charter of Pécsvárad are replaced by the increasing use of designating words or Latin geographical common nouns, thus the “poor” textual context of the Founding Charter of Pécsvárad indicates recording in the 11th centu-ry. Keywords: 11th-century charters, charters with an uncertain chronological sta-tus, Latin context, toponyms, norms of charter writing

scholarly journals THE JUBILEE YEAR OF 15th CENTURY IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
R. Ivashko
Keyword(s):  
Eastern European ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Latin Church

The author has analyzed the content of the bull of Pope Nicholas V of 1450, which is located in the Central Historical Archive in Lviv, in the article. It was found that the pope provided special conditions for Christians to conduct the Jubilee Year in the Kingdom of Poland. Pope Nicholas V had installed specific obligations regarding the celebration of it for the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, his mother Queen Sophia, the papal collector Mykola Spichimir, etc. The Polish chronicler Jan Dlugosz left the information about the peculiarities of the jubilee celebrations in the Kingdom of Poland. Similar jubilee celebrations introduced by Pope Boniface VIII were celebrated for the sixth time in the Latin Church. The need for their conduct was further substantiated in the 14th century. The creation of the investigated document was due to the fact that the lands of Rus were vulnerable to constant attacks by the Tatars. The khan of the Great Horde Sa'id-Akhmat who with the Tatars subordinated to him had been made the raid on the Galician and Podolian lands in the autumn of 1450, directly caused to the creation of the bull. The mechanism of protection of the Eastern European borders by Сatholics was reflected in the content of the document.

scholarly journals Choreography of the Past: Accounting and the Writing of Christine de Pizan

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Miley ◽  
Andrew Read
Keyword(s):  
Christine De Pizan ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Budget Management ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Past ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
Love Of God ◽  
The City

ABSTRACTThis research discusses The Treasure of the City of Ladies, a manuscript written by Christine de Pizan in France during the early 15th century to give guidance on account keeping and budgeting. Christine de Pizan was born in Italy but raised in the French royal court. Her manuscript gives the keeping of accounts and budget management a religious imperative. She describes them as functions where the three divine virtues of reason, rectitude, and justice are applied. Christine de Pizan describes how demonstrating these virtues through the proper keeping of accounts and budgets is a way to demonstrate love of God. Although historical accounting records show how accounting was done, this manuscript explains why it was done. In giving a rationale for single-entry bookkeeping and budgeting, the manuscript provides a source that prevents present-mindedness when attempting to undertake contemporary analyses of accounting records from this historical period.

scholarly journals The Comminges County from the 10th to the 15th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Maryse Casanova ◽  
Jean-Louis Brousse
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Creation ◽  
King Of France ◽  
The Church

From the 10th to the 15th centuries, the counts of Comminges developed their important domain and resisted the ambitions of their powerful neighbors. Alliances, treaties, marriages, wars, everything has been good to preserve their goods. These counts played happily with their personalities, their strengths, their weaknesses, their malice. They supported the economic and social development. The population gradually migrated from the mountains to the plain, first with the help of the Church and the creation of the “sauvetés”. Then the liberality of the counts allowed the construction of numerous “bastides” in the 13th century. The county families provided the majority of the Commingeois bishops and reinforced the importance of the Secular Church. By their permanent support to the Regular Church, they favored the establishment of large monastic and templar domains, the development of as much farming land. The progressive close up with the raimondine city of Toulouse, placed the County under his protection after the crusade by the Albigensians in 1218. The war against the English, the devastations of the Black prince in 1355 opened the last page of this story, accompanied by calamities that left in 1453 a bloodless Comminges in the hands of the King of France.

Modern Cambodia Since 1863

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tully
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cold War

Modern Cambodian history begins with the creation of the French Protectorate in 1863. Until the 15th century, Cambodia was a regional great power, but by the late 18th it faced extinction as a sovereign state. Although the Protectorate ensured the country’s territorial integrity, French ideas of governance and philosophy collided with Cambodia’s ancient traditions. By 1897, the French had prevailed: Cambodia had escaped its predatory neighbors, Siam and Vietnam, but had lost its internal and external sovereignty. After independence in 1953, Cambodia sat on the fault lines of the Cold War. Precariously neutral until 1970, it fell into a new dark age of civil war, foreign invasions, saturation bombing, and mass murder. Liberated from the horrors of Pol Pot’s Democratic Kampuchea (DK) by the Vietnamese in late 1978, the regime the invaders installed suffered a period of international ostracism that lasted until the end of the Cold War in 1991–1992. Cambodia is at peace today, but hopes that it would develop as a free, democratic, and more equal society have proved illusory. Cambodia is one of Asia’s poorest states; a kleptocracy ruled by the durable autocrat Hun Sen via a façade of democratic institutions. The economy, according to Sebastian Strangio, “is controlled by … [a] new quasi-palace elite: a sprawling network of CPP politicians, military brass, and business families arranged in vertical khsae, or ‘strings,’ of patronage emanating from Hun Sen and his close associates.”

THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

Renaissance Humanist Reinterpretations of Eve; The Writings of Christine De Pizan and Isotta Nogarolla

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isobel Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Christine De Pizan ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Renaissance Humanism ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Sistine Chapel ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of my research is to explore the ways that intellectuals reinterpreted Eve using the Humanistic method during the Renaissance, questioning the naturalized relationship between women and sin. Humanism, a growing movement during the 15th century, placed emphasis on ascertaining meaning through analyzing works for their intended meaning and considering the context, while also revering God and antiquity alongside attention to the individual.  Christine De Pizan and Isotta Nogarola use the Humanistic method of analysis in different ways to argue that Eve, and womankind, do not deserve a devious reputation and it is not justified by God. I will use historical artworks and writings to show how Eve was depicted prior to and during Renaissance Humanism. For example, Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel depiction of the Fall fundamentally differs from other previous works by redistributing the culpability of Adam and Eve; no longer is Eve a sensual being, nor entirely to blame for the Fall. Additionally, as is necessary with any historical analysis, I will examine the contextual factors that allowed for the reinterpretation of Eve, especially by women, including the ways that both were a product and yet also ahead of their time. Whether the reinterpretations are pro-feminine or not is irrelevant in many respects, for the significance stems from women taking back a piece of historiography of the prototype woman, Eve.

scholarly journals Origins of Vulcanello based on the re-examination of historical sources (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands)

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. VO548
Author(s):  
Marco Manni ◽  
Mauro Rosi
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Volcanic Structure ◽  
Volcanic Island ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Aeolian Islands ◽  
Main Island ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Plausible Hypothesis ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Creation

   The lava platform and the three pyroclastic cones of Vulcanello constitute the northernmost volcanic structure of the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands). The sandy isthmus connecting the platform to the main island was definitively formed in the first half of the 1500s; before then, Vulcano and Vulcanello were two close but separate islands. For a long time, the interpretation of the sources of the II-I century BC, had considered the islet as built up about 2200 years ago. This belief, which proliferated among naturalists from the 17th century, is not confirmed in the ancient texts or even in the geographical documents of the time, which do not indicate the presence of Vulcanello as a new and stable island near Vulcano. The islet would only be mentioned at the dawn of the second millennium, and named in Arabic “Gabal’ al Burkān”, meaning Mount of Vulcano; shortly thereafter the toponym changed to the Latin “Insulam Vulcanelli” and then, towards the 15th century, finally to Vulcanello.  Since the creation of a volcanic island certainly occurred in the Aeolian Islands in the classical era, but traces of it were quickly lost, the most plausible hypothesis is that it was formed in the area of the current Vulcanello, to be subsequently erased by the sea. The shallow, flat seabed, likely remaining as a result of sea abrasion, might have represented the morphological element on which the circular lava platform we know today was formed sometime between 950 and 1000 AD. 

scholarly journals The breviary of Ercole I d’Este and the classical tradition in Ferrara illumination of the end 15th – the beginning 16th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
D. A. Churkina
Keyword(s):  
Classical Tradition ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Court Culture ◽  
Renaissance Art ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability

The article presents one of the masterpieces of Renaissance Ferrara illumination – the Breviary of Ercole I d’Este (1502–1505). This manuscript was created during the active development of printing, and this fact underlines its special status and importance for the customer, and also demonstrates the stability of artistic traditions at the Ferrara court. At the same period – the first years of the 16th century – the artistic language of the Early Renaissance was changed for completely different traditions of the High Renaissance art. First of all, it was expressed in the leading role of classical motifs. The Breviary of Ercole I demonstrates the development of the classical tradition in Ferrara illumination. The article presents the manuscript in the context of the court culture of Renaissance Ferrara, providing the stylistic and iconographic analysis of the manuscript decor. The creation of the Breviary of Ercole I reflected the identity of his customer, Duke Ercole I d’Este, who contributed to the development of the humanistic culture in Ferrara. At the same time, Ercole I was a very religious man, and his personal religiosity became an important virtue of a ruler. Matteo da Milano, a representative of the Lombard school of book illumination, characterized by the classical ornamental decoration, created the most impressive elements of the manuscript decor. Besides him, there were other artists to decorate the Breviary, but their miniatures are more connected with the 15th century local tradition. In the art of Ferrara, the classical tradition took part of the «politics of magnificence». The abundance of classical motifs in this manuscript, thus, could be the goal of the customer who wished to glorify himself in this special way.

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