Economic Profit vs. Social Benefit

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
M. Mercedes Galán-Ladero ◽  
M. Ángeles Galán-Ladero
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right

There is currently a wide-ranging debate on whether it is ethical for pharmaceutical companies to profit and obtain large economic benefits by patenting and controlling the sale of essential medicines that can save thousands of lives, or, on the contrary, whether these medicines should be considered social products and offered at low prices so that anyone, in any country in the world, regardless of their purchasing power, can have access to them. This debate has intensified since health was considered a fundamental human right by the World Health Organization (WHO) and was expressly included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations (specifically, in Goal 3: “Health and Well-Being”). Consequently, the overall objective of this chapter is to reflect on these questions: Should economic interests prevail over social ones in the case of essential life-saving medicines? Should the fundamental right to health prevail over the right granted by a patent? How far should corporate social responsibility (CSR) go in the pharmaceutical industry?

scholarly journals THE HUMAN RIGHT TO HEALTH: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AFTER 70 YEARS OF INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-42
Author(s):  
MARÍA DALLI
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the first international text recognising universal human rights for all; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 25 recognises the right to an adequate standard of living, which includes the right to health and medical care. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Declaration, this article presents an overview of the main developments that have been made towards understanding the content and implications of the right to health, as well as an analysis of some specific advancements that aim to facilitate the enforcement thereof. These include: a) the implication of private entities as responsible for right to health obligations; b) the Universal Health Coverage goal, proposed by the World Health Organization and included as one of the Sustainable Development Goals; and c) the individual complaints mechanism introduced by the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted on the 10th December 2008, 60 years after the UDHR).

scholarly journals A Política Internacional da Saúde: a UNITAID e o acesso a medicamentos | The International Politics of Health: UNITAID and access to medicines

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 03-10
Author(s):  
Celso Luiz Nunes Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Patent Protection ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hiv Aids

O direito à saúde é um direito fundamental. Várias iniciativas no âmbito da Assembleia Geral da ONU e no Conselho de Direitos Humanos reforçam esse pensamento. Neste particular, a criação da UNITAID, em 2006, foi uma forma de facilitar o acesso a medicamentos a populações mais pobres utilizando fontes inovadoras de financiamento. A instituição, hospedada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), busca melhores formas de prevenir, tratar e diagnosticar o HIV/AIDS, a tuberculose e a malária de forma mais rápida, eficaz e acessível, buscando conciliar a discussão de patentes com o direito inalienável à saúde. O artigo analisa o processo político e as negociações que levaram à Declaração de Doha sobre TRIPS e Saúde Pública, cuja importância é destacada, entre outros, pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável aprovado por todos os Chefes de Estado das Nações Unidas.ABSTRACTThe right to health is a fundamental, inalienable human right. A number of initiatives within the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Council reinforce this concept. Established in 2006 and hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNITAID is engaged in finding new ways to prevent, treat and diagnose HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria more quickly, more cheaply and more effectively. It plays an important role in the global effort to defeat these lethal diseases, by facilitating and speeding up the availability of improved health tools and trying to reconcile patent protection with the right to health.  The article analyzes the political process and the negotiations which led up to the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, whose importance – among others – is highlighted on the Sustainable Development Objectives approved by all United Nations Heads of State.Palavras-chave: UNITAID, acesso a medicamentos, saúde global, TRIPS, Doha.Keywords: UNITAID, access to medicines, global health, TRIPS, Doha.DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2016.27034Recebido em 28 de dezembro de 2016 | Received on December 28, 2016.

Happiness as an Expression of Health

2022 ◽  
pp. 311-332
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Andrade de Carvalho ◽  
Jorge Lima de Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Interventions

Health gained a global prominence and became a right declared by the World Health Organization in 1948. In the 21st century, it is understood as a complete well-being of the individual, far beyond the absence of disease. In this context, the right to happiness translates as an expression of the aspirations for the realization of the right to health. Thus, this chapter aims to understand, in the light of the Freudian perspective, the aspects of soul life that lead the individual to the exhausting task of seeking happiness and seeks to reflect the possible contributions that legal science can offer to the improvement of individual well-being as a right health in the context of global health. Freud's theories about the formation of the psychic apparatus, his conception of malaise caused by culture and legal interventions that can possibly contribute to the reduction of individual unhappiness are presented.

The Future of Human Rights in WHO

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Bustreo ◽  
Veronica Magar ◽  
Rajat Khosla ◽  
Marcus Stahlhofer ◽  
Rebekah Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines how the Sustainable Development Agenda—with its focus on equity, gender equality, and human rights—has provided an unprecedented opportunity to advance human rights within the World Health Organization (WHO). It looks at how human rights are increasingly permeating the Organization’s work, both implicitly and explicitly, and how this paves the way for a bolder vision for human rights in health. Through this examination, the authors lay out a strategy for three necessary shifts that would set WHO on an unprecedented path toward greater rights-based health governance: the adoption of a Resolution by WHO’s governing body on health, both as a human right and as a means to achieve human rights (“to health and through health”); greater collaboration between WHO and the UN human rights system to promote rights-based approaches to health; and building evidence of the impact of such approaches on health.

EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH DIABETES

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indre Cergelyte - Podgrusiene
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Health And Well Being

Diabetes is a very severe problem in medicine and for all people. It is a very heavy illness, which destroys normal human’s life from all sides, such as- emotional, lifestyle and social integration. It needs a lot of money to treat people who have that kind of illness. World Health Organization (WHO, 2015), said that Diabetes is a disorder of the world which is threatening peoples’ health and well-being. Diabetes is caused by not only the endocrine, construction and other body systems breach: patients develop diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease (stroke, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease), infertility problems and diabetic foot. Therefore, adolescent’s education is very important, if the right knowledge and skills are received then adolescents are able to prevent complications and adapt to a new life. In adolescence, environment is very important for education, because they can find information about diabetes from different sources. Educational environment helps for appropriate selflearning.

Tuberculosis prevalence state in the world at the present stage

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Valerievna Marchenko
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Intermediate Targets

The incidence rate of tuberculosis in a particular country is an indicator of social well-being in society. Tuberculosis continues to be the leading cause of death among infectious diseases and is among the top ten common causes of death. Every year, about 1.3 million patients die from this pathology in the world, while every fourth has an HIV-associated form of the disease. New cases of the disease are recorded every year in about 10 million people, 58% of them are men, 32% are women, and about 10% are children and adolescents. The World Health Organization has compiled a list of 30 countries "living with the burden of tuberculosis", accounting for 87% of all infections. In the European Region and the WHO Region of the Americas, the total proportion of those infected with tuberculosis does not exceed 6%. At the same time, it should be noted that eight countries - India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa - account for two-thirds of all TB cases in the world. In May 2014, at the session of the World Health Assembly, the WHO Strategy to Eliminate Tuberculosis in the World was approved, and all countries, members of the WHO, took obligations to implement it. In September 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted, according to which WHO Member States should strive to achieve a 90% reduction in tuberculosis incidence and 95% mortality by 2035 (with intermediate targets in 2020, 2025 and 2030). In addition, no family should have to bear the catastrophic costs of treating tuberculosis when one or more of its members become ill.

Human Rights Responsibilities of Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Young Lee ◽  
Paul Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Access To Essential Medicines ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right

The Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) affirms that “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being.” The Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays the foundations for the international framework for the right to health. This human right is now codified in numerous national constitutions, as well as legally binding international human rights treaties, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.Although medical care and access to medicines are vital features of the right to health, almost two billion people lack access to essential medicines, leading to immense avoidable suffering. Improving access to essential medicines could save 10 million lives each year, four million of them in Africa and South-East Asia alone. Gross inequity is a shocking feature of the world pharmaceutical situation.

scholarly journals A critical comparison between the World Health Organization list of essential medicines for children and the Brazilian list of essential medicines (Rename)

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Helena Lutéscia L. Coelho ◽  
Luís Carlos Rey ◽  
Marina S.G. de Medeiros ◽  
Ronaldo A. Barbosa ◽  
Said G. da Cruz Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Critical Comparison ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Medicines For Children

scholarly journals Deafening silence on a vital issue: The World Health Organization has ignored the sexuality of persons with disabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Peta
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Priority ◽  
Social Welfare System ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In 2016, the World Health Organization, through the Global Cooperation on Assistive Technology Initiative, issued the Priority Assistive Products List which is meant to be a guide to member states of the 50 assistive products needed for a basic health care and/or social welfare system; it is also a model from which nations can develop their national priority assistive products lists. The aim of this opinion paper is to share my views about the Priority Assistive Products List on the grounds that it makes no distinct mention of sexual assistive devices, yet research has indicated that sexuality is an area of great concern for persons with disabilities. In any case, sexuality forms a core part of being human, and it impacts on both the physical and mental well-being of all human beings. I conclude in part that, in its present format, the list perpetuates the myth that persons with disabilities are asexual beings who are innocent of sexual thoughts, feelings and experiences. The list also propagates the stereotype that sexuality is a sacred, private, bedroom matter that should be kept out of the public domain, to the detriment of the health and well-being of persons with disabilities.

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