Toward an IoT based Software Defined Plumbing Network System with fault tolerance

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Mutual Exclusion ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Computer Algorithms ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Group Problem ◽  
Coupling Algorithms

in this paper we will see the application of computer science algorithms to the plumbing system. We propose a fault tolerant tap water system which is impossible without Internet of things and algorithms . We will show that the problem is a mutual exclusion group problem and we propose an adapted algorithm version from the literature as a solution . Coupling algorithms with the configurable plumbing network we believe that this will open new field of research on IoT we called it software defined plumbing Network where components that have been traditionally implemented in hardware (e.g. water mixers, spring faucets ,flow sensors, etc.) are instead implemented by means of software . This way we can solve other problem like instantaneous hot water,automatic cleaning of the water heater..etc since due to computer algorithms the systems can be easily smart, extensible and adaptive.

A simple method for the eradication ofLegionella pneumophilafrom potable water systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1189-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Moreno ◽  
Isabel de Blas ◽  
Francisca Miralles ◽  
David Apraiz ◽  
Vicente Catalan
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Simple Method

In this paper we describe a simple method, noncorrosive to pipes, for the eradication of Legionella pneumophila from potable water systems. This method is based on the systematic purging of the pipe networks with cold water containing 1 – 1.5 mg residual chlorine/L. In the hot water system, a new pipe bypassing the water heater was installed, whereas in the air conditioning system, the circuit is purged with water from the tap water system. The feasibility of this method was studied in two hotels in which the presence of Legionella was detected despite treatment of the water by the hyperchlorination method. The evolution of the presence of Legionella was studied by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Eighty samples from hotel A and sixty-seven samples from hotel B were analyzed during the time that the eradication method was applied. Our results showed that this method permitted the effective elimination of L. pneumophila after 5 months in hotel A and 7 months in hotel B.Key words: Legionella pneumophila, eradication.

The Solar Energy-Air Source Heat Pump Was Applied to the Hot Water System

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Chu Ping Lu ◽  
Kai Ji
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Air Source Heat Pump ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
The City

This paper is as an example of the hot water supply of the hotel in the city,The design of the hot water system is the solar energy and the air source heat pump,includes:the selection calculation of the air source heat pump of the water heater , the selection and calculation of the solar collector,the determination of the thermal storage tank and the determination of the circulating water pump of heat collecting .

Thermal performance of a solar hot water system with plastic bag water heater array

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-431
Author(s):  
H.P. Garg ◽  
N.K. Bansal ◽  
D.S. Hrishikesan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Plastic Bag

scholarly journals Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements and surveys

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns ◽  
E. J. M. Blokker ◽  
E. van der Blom ◽  
J. H. G. Vreeburg
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Demand Equations ◽  
Proper Estimation

Abstract. Existing Dutch guidelines for the design of the drinking water and hot water system of non-residential buildings are based on outdated assumptions on peak water demand or on unfounded assumptions on hot water demand. They generally overestimate peak demand values required for the design of an efficient and reliable water system. Recently, a procedure was developed based on the end-use model SIMDEUM to derive design-demand-equations for peak demand values of both cold and hot water during various time steps for several types and sizes of non-residential buildings, viz. offices, hotels and nursing homes. In this paper, the design-demand-equations are validated with measurements of cold and hot water patterns on a per second base and with surveys. The good correlation between the simulated water demand patterns and the measured patterns indicates that the basis of the design-demand-equations, the SIMDEUM simulated standardised buildings, is solid. Surveys were held to investigate whether the construction of the standardised buildings based on the dominant variable corresponds with practice. Surveys show that it is difficult to find relationships to equip the standardised buildings with users and appliances. However, the validation proves that with a proper estimation of the number of users and appliances in only the dominant functional room of the standardised buildings, SIMDEUM renders a realistic cold and hot water diurnal demand pattern. Furthermore, the new design-demand-equations based on these standardised buildings give a better prediction of the measured peak values for cold water flow than the existing guidelines. Moreover, the new design-demand-equations can predict hot water use well. In this paper it is illustrated that the new design-demand-equations lead to reliable and improved designs of building installations and water heater capacity, resulting in more hygienic and economical installations.

scholarly journals Experimental determination of cold water temperature at the inlet to solar water storage tanks

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Zukowski
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Cold Water Temperature

In the present work, results of experimental research on the mains water temperature supplying the Solar Domestic Hot Water system in the period from 2016 to 2018 are shown. The test object is located in the Hotel for Research Assistants on Bialystok University of Technology campus in Poland. One of the elements that will guarantee the correct energy balance of a hot tap-water system is the exact determination of the cold water temperature. The aim of this study is estimation of the temperature of the mains water flowing into the district heating substation and the water feeding directly the heat storage tanks. The research results showed that the average value of the cold water was 14.09°C during the 3 years of measurements. Moreover, it was shown that this temperature increased by about 0.4°C as a result of heat exchange with the air inside the substation. In the article, the author proposed modifications of coefficients in a commonly used model developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory for determining the temperature of mains water in energy simulations. The proposed changes allow for accurate modelling of the cold water temperature under the climate conditions of north-eastern Poland.

scholarly journals Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-471
Author(s):  
E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns ◽  
E. J. M. Blokker ◽  
E. van der Blom ◽  
J. H. G. Vreeburg
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
End Use

Abstract. Existing guidelines related to the water demand of non-residential buildings are outdated and do not cover hot water demand for the appropriate selection of hot water devices. Moreover, they generally overestimate peak demand values required for the design of an efficient and reliable water system. Recently, a procedure was developed based on the end-use model SIMDEUM® to derive design rules for peak demand values of both cold and hot water during various time steps for several types and sizes of non-residential buildings, i.e. offices, hotels and nursing homes. In this paper, the design rules are validated with measurements of cold and hot water patterns on a per second base. The good correlation between the simulated patterns and the measured patterns indicates that the basis of the design rules, the SIMDEUM simulated standardised buildings, is solid. Moreover, the SIMDEUM based rules give a better prediction of the measured peak values for cold water flow than the existing guidelines. Furthermore, the new design rules can predict hot water use well. In this paper it is illustrated that the new design rules lead to reliable and improved designs of building installations and water heater capacity, resulting in more hygienic and economical installations.

Designing and Researching of Gas Cooler in Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Water Heater

2010 ◽  
Vol 171-172 ◽  
pp. 368-373
Author(s):  
Jing Lv ◽  
Jie Yang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Chilled Water ◽  
Critical Carbon Dioxide

In this paper a gas cooler for trans-critical carbon dioxide water heater was designed and calculated according to the theory basis for the optimal design. The characteristic parameters of gas cooler in heat pump hot water system were compared and analyzed, applying the data from trans-critical carbon dioxide water heater test bed, under one-time heating condition, by different flow of chilled water and hot water, different inlet temperatures of chilled water and hot water. To sum up, coefficient of performance can be increased by increasing the chilled water inlet temperature or hot water circulating flow, while it can be decreased by increasing the inlet temperature of hot water circulating system，the parameters (flow of water, inlet temperature, the refrigerant mass flow, gas cooler pressure and inlet temperature of refrigerant) need to be adjusted to different requirements, for ensuring the high efficiency of system.

scholarly journals New Approaches For Analyzing Hot Water & Other Systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Saltzberg
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Monitoring Equipment ◽  
Service Personnel ◽  
Proper Size ◽  
Minimum Points ◽  
Continuous Temperature

Historically, Analyzing A Hot Water System To Establish Why A System May Run Out Of Hot Water, Why Temperature Fluctuations Occur In Showers, And How Long Are The Delays In Getting Hot Water To Fixtures, Was A Time-Consuming And Kind Of A Hit And Miss Operation. These Tasks Encompassed Having Service Personnel Review The Operation Of The Water Heater, Do Calculations To See That The Water Heater Was The Proper Size, Ascertain What The Physical Configuration Of The Hot Water System Was, And The Lengths Of Various Piping Segments, And Lastly, Take Temperature Readings At Various Locations And Times Throughout The System. Some Of This Data Could Be Obtained With Continuous Temperature Monitoring Equipment, But It Was Very Laborious And The Continuous Chart Recorders Generated Temperature Printout Charts At The Rate Of Two Inches Per Hour, Which Meant Quite A Long Chart For Each Test. Furthermore, The Temperature Readings At Times Could Be Extremely Confusing, As They Overlapped, And It Was Difficult To Find The Maximum And Minimum Points And Discover Repetitive Patterns On The Long Charts.

Chemistry of the Interfaces of an Electric Water Heater: Implications from an Input-Output Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Martin B. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Copper Zinc

Abstract In a case study, this paper responds to increasing public interest in water quality issues by investigating chemical changes as water passes through a domestic water hot water system. Elemental changes were measured by simultaneous analysis of the incoming and outgoing water streams and the deposited sediment from an electric water heater tank. The results may alter some long-held beliefs. The collected and dried sediment from the tank was analyzed for thirty common elements by inductively coupled plasma and atomic absorption techniques. Of the 25 elements found, the dominant seven in order of concentration were magnesium, aluminum, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, and sodium, as well as some surprising traces of other elements. The cold water input and the heated output were also analyzed for thirteen measurable elements. In the heated water output, magnesium had a massive 151% increase in concentration, followed by much more modest increases shown by arsenic, calcium, lead, potassium, silicon, and strontium. None of these mass balance changes compromised the potability of the water. The six elements, aluminum, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and sodium, showed decreases in aqueous concentrations on heating, thereby improving the water quality.

scholarly journals Financial Analysis of Solar Water Heating Systems during the Depression: Case Study of Greece

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob G. Fantidis ◽  
Dimitrios V. Bandekas ◽  
Constantinos Potolias ◽  
Nick Vordos ◽  
Kostas Karakoulidis
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Green House ◽  
The Government

The use of solar thermal collectors is an economic alternative for water heating. In Greece more than 4 million m2 of collector area has been installed; however, the financial and economic crisis has dealt the solar thermal market a heavy blow. The aim of the paper is twofold: firstly, to present the new legislations and combined efforts taken by the government in order to give the solar thermal market a boost; secondly, to evaluate the effect of these efforts and calculate the new financial data from the citizens. For the promotion of solar water heaters, new legislations and concerted efforts are taken by the government. The effect of the new incentive program on the payback time of a typical glazed solar hot water system in Greece was investigated in this work. Long-term meteorological data from 47 stations are analyzed in order to evaluate the potential of solar water heater application at each site in Greece. The RETScreen software was used to predict the financial viability and the green house gas emissions reductions. The economical indicators showed that Tymbakion was the best site and Ioannina the worst. From the environmental point of view, it was found that on an average an approximate quantity of 1.47 ton of green house gases can be avoided entering into the local atmosphere each year.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1222

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