An empirical study for method level refactoring prediction by ensemble technique and SMOTE to improve its efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Ensemble Technique ◽  
Ensemble Techniques ◽  
Functional Attributes ◽  
Code Refactoring ◽  
Optimized Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Box Plot ◽  
Prediction Efficiency

Code refactoring is the modification of structure with out altering its functionality. The refactoring task is critical for enhancing the qualities for non-functional attributes, such as efficiency, understandability, reusability, and flexibility. Our research aims to build an optimized model for refactoring prediction at the method level with 7 ensemble techniques and verities of SMOTE techniques. This research has considered 5 open source java projects to investigate the accuracy of our anticipated model, which forecasts refactoring applicants by the use of ensemble techniques (BAG-KNN, BAG-DT, BAG-LOGR, ADABST, EXTC, RANF, GRDBST). Data imbalance issues are handled using 3 sampling techniques (SMOTE, BLSMOTE, SVSMOTE) to improve refactoring prediction efficiency and also focused all features and significant features. The mean accuracy of the classifiers like BAG- DT is 99.53% ,RANF is 99.55%, and EXTC is 99.59. The mean accuracy of the BLSMOTE is 97.21%. The performance of classifiers and sampling techniques are shown in terms of the box-plot diagram.

scholarly journals EMISSÃO DE CO2, ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E CARBONO ORGÂNICO TOTAL EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE PREPARO DO SOLO

Nativa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Carla Da Penha Simon ◽  
Edney Leandro da Vitória ◽  
Elcio Das Graça Lacerda ◽  
Yago Soares Avancini ◽  
Tatiana Fiorotti Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Box Plot

Objetivou-se quantificar o CO2,atributos químicos e físicos do solo são influenciados por diferentes manejos de preparo do solo. O Delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo os tratamentos: Sistema de Plantio Direto (SPD), Cultivo Mínimo e Preparo Convencional (PC), e como referência: área de vegetação nativa (Mata), contando com seis repetições cada variável de estudo. Além da comparação por teste médias, foi realizada uma análise exploratória das leituras nos sistemas de preparo do solo, onde o CO2 foi traduzido graficamente num diagrama o box-plot. As variáveis avaliadas foram: CO2 obtido por meio de um analisador de gás infravermelho; os atributos físicos do solo: Densidade do solo (Ds), Volume Total de Poros (VTP), Macroporosidade (Ma), Microporosidade (Mi), Resistência a Penetração do solo (RPS) e o atributo químico: carbono orgânico total (COT). O fluxo CO2 do solo apresentou diferença significativa entre o SPD e o PC; valores médios encontrados para SPD, CM, Mata e PC foram 2,30; 2,25; 2,18; e 1,39 μmolCO2m−2 s−1, respectivamente; o COT apresentou seu maior valor na área de Mata (32,95 gkg-1) diferindo estatisticamente das demais áreas. Observou-se uma menor emissão de CO2 do solo no PC, pois o sistema apresenta baixo aporte de carbono orgânico.Palavras-chave: sistema de preparo convencional; cultivo mínimo; preparo convencional; carbono orgânico total. CO2 EMISSION, PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT SOIL PREPARATION SYSTEMS ABSTRACT: The objective was to quantify the CO2, chemical and physical attributes of the soil are influenced by different management of soil preparation. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the treatments: no-tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT), and as reference:  native forest (NF), with six replicates each study variable. In addition to the mean test comparison, an exploratory analysis of the readings was performed in the soil preparation systems, where CO2 was graphically translated into a box-plot diagram. The variables evaluated were: CO2 obtained by means of a infrared gas analyzer; density (Bd), total pore volume (TPV), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), resistance to soil penetration (RSP) and chemical attribute: total organic carbon (TOC). The CO2 soil flux presented a significant difference between NT and CT; where respectively the mean values found for SPD, CM, Mata and PC were 2.30; 2.25; 2.18; and 1.39 μmolCO2m-2s-1; the COT had its highest value in the Mata area (32.95 gkg-1), differing statistically from the other areas. It was observed a lower CO2 emission of the soil in the PC, because the system has low input of organic carbon.Keywords: no-tillage; conventional tillage; minimum tillage; total organic carbon.

scholarly journals Factors in Teachers’ Awareness of Pedagogical Gestures as Enhancement Technique Among English Teachers in Secondary Schools in Enugu State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-241
Author(s):  
Nkechinyere Iwe
Keyword(s):  
Language Teachers ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Rural Teachers ◽  
Enhancement Technique ◽  
Teacher Qualification ◽  
Lesson Delivery ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Enugu State

The study seeks to ascertain Nigerian language teachers’ awareness of pedagogical gestures as an enhancement to teaching and whether this awareness is influenced by teaching location and teacher qualification. The study adopts the survey research design with a sample size of 262 drawn using multi-staged sampling techniques. The Z-test method was used in testing the hypothesis of the study.  It was discovered that there was high mean response of teachers on the awareness of pedagogical gestures. There were significant differences in the mean response of urban/rural teachers and no significant differences in the mean response of graduate/non-graduate teacher’s awareness of pedagogical gestures as enhancement technique. Our conclusion is that pedagogical gestures are indispensable in lesson delivery and that their pedagogic values are gained through awareness of them as enhancement technique.  

Relationships between Verbal and Non-Verbal Abilities for Migrant Children and Australian Children of Low Socio-Economic Status: Similarities and Contrasts

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen T. Evans ◽  
Millicent E. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Mean

Previous research indicates that mean patterns of mental ability show striking differences between different ethnic groups. In this paper, some salient features of information processing on which there are likely to be differences between children of Australian born parents of low SES and children of migrant parents are discussed. An empirical study of these differences is described. The mean performance of the migrant children studied compared with children of low SES Australian born parents was found to be related to the balance between verbal and cognitive aspects of the task. The greater the cognitive demand for a given verbal requirement the better the performance of the migrant children relative to the children in the “Australian” group. Further, the intercorrelations between performances were found to be markedly different for the two groups. The results suggest that migrant children in particular may benefit from teaching which emphasises the pragmatic use of language to indicate desired discriminations and concepts.

scholarly journals KOMUNIKASI TERAPEUTIK TERHADAP TINGKAT KECEMASAN PASIEN SEBELUM DILAKUKAN ANESTESI REGIONAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Rio Verdiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Therapeutic Communication ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Paired T Test

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of therapeutic communication to the patient's level of anxiety prior to regional anesthesia. The type of research is the pre-experimental design using one-group pretest-posttest. Sampling techniques accidental sampling of 30 samples. Data analysis was performed using Univariate and Bivariate analysis with paired t-test test on a5%. The results showed that there were differences in the mean levels of anxiety before and after therapeutic communication and there is a significant decrease in the mean levels of anxiety before and after therapeutic communication. In patients before surgery with regional anesthesia in the operating room RSUD.Dr.M.Yunus Bengkulu (P = 0.000).

METRIC SELECTION FOR SOFTWARE DEFECT PREDICTION

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 237-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUANJING WANG ◽  
TAGHI M. KHOSHGOFTAAR ◽  
JASON VAN HULSE ◽  
KEHAN GAO
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Defect Prediction ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software Projects ◽  
Ensemble Technique ◽  
Defect Prediction Models ◽  
Software Practitioners

Real-world software systems are becoming larger, more complex, and much more unpredictable. Software systems face many risks in their life cycles. Software practitioners strive to improve software quality by constructing defect prediction models using metric (feature) selection techniques. Finding faulty components in a software system can lead to a more reliable final system and reduce development and maintenance costs. This paper presents an empirical study of six commonly used filter-based software metric rankers and our proposed ensemble technique using rank ordering of the features (mean or median), applied to three large software projects using five commonly used learners. The classification accuracy was evaluated in terms of the AUC (Area Under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curve) performance metric. Results demonstrate that the ensemble technique performed better overall than any individual ranker and also possessed better robustness. The empirical study also shows that variations among rankers, learners and software projects significantly impacted the classification outcomes, and that the ensemble method can smooth out performance.

DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND LIFE TABLES FOR THE FIR ENGRAVER SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1138-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Berryman
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractMethods are presented for sampling and constructing life tables for Scolytus ventralis LeConte with the objective of comparing the histories of populations inhabiting individual trees. A bark area of 72 sq. in. was an effective sample unit. Within-tree variation was minimized by taking two sample units from two vertical strata at each sampling date. Trees were serially sampled several times during development of the insect.Population tables were constructed for each sampling date and life tables were developed from the complete series of population tables. The precision of the life table estimates varied between 10% and 40% of the mean and generally decreased as population density diminished during development. A sampling design is presented for increasing the precision of life tables, and methods are given for determining the number of trees required for estimating the mean density when studying populations occupying large areas.

An empirical study to improve software security through the application of code refactoring

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 112-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haris Mumtaz ◽  
Mohammad Alshayeb ◽  
Sajjad Mahmood ◽  
Mahmood Niazi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Software Security ◽  
Code Refactoring

scholarly journals Empirical Study of the Impacts of Bicycles on Passenger Car Speeds on Urban Roads without Bicycle Lanes

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110041
Author(s):  
Jaclyn S. Schaefer ◽  
Miguel A. Figliozzi ◽  
Avinash Unnikrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Gap Times ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
The Mean

Higher bicycle mode share has been suggested as part of a solution to reduce the burden of congestion in urban areas. As strategies to promote cycling are implemented, concerns have been raised by some road users and stakeholders citing simulation-based traffic studies that indicate that an increase in the bicycle mode share generates major travel time delays via reduced vehicle speeds unless bicycle lanes are provided. The current research investigates the effects bicycles may have on motorized vehicle speeds on a variety of lower speed and volume urban roads without bicycle lanes. A detailed comparative analysis of passenger car speeds was performed using two vehicle scenarios: (i) a passenger car that was preceded by a bicycle; and (ii) a passenger car that was preceded by another passenger car. The mean and 85th percentile speeds of scenarios (i) and (ii) were analyzed using t-tests. Relationships between speed and gap times with oncoming (opposite direction) traffic were also investigated. The results indicate that, at most sites (92%), bicycles do not reduce passenger car mean speeds by more than 1 mph. Speed reductions are not generally observed in local streets or facilities with adequate gaps in oncoming traffic for overtaking.

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