The Nature and Role of Complexity in Simulation Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Figueiredo ◽  
Elisabeth Loiola
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Online Game ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Simulation Performance ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Development Pipeline ◽  
Different Levels

The objective of this study is to understand the nature and role of complexity in simulation performance. In order to do this, a system dynamics model of the product development pipeline was developed, and an online game based on that model was created. An experiment was run where subject made a series of decisions on one or two variables for many periods, with different levels of information available to them (attribute complexity). Hypotheses were proposed based on the literature. The results confirmed the hypotheses relating degree of difficulty to distance from optimality. Two factors adversely affected the subjects' performance: dealing with more complex information on performance (more than one attribute) and having to make more than one simultaneous decision, i.e. more than one decision per period. The latter condition was more detrimental to performance than the former.

scholarly journals The Effect of Longer Development Times on Product Pipeline Management Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo S. Figueiredo ◽  
Xisto L. Travassos ◽  
Elisabeth Loiola
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Development Times ◽  
Pipeline Management ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Development Pipeline ◽  
Product Pipeline

In the pharmaceutical industry, value is being destroyed through longer product development times. Given that patent lives are (normally) fixed at 20 years, the double hit of increasing time to market is evident - higher R & D costs and less time at market before generic competitors are able to be released into the marketplace. The Policy implications are massive: A huge and permanent shift away from internal R & D towards partnerships, licensing deals and acquisitions of more innovative biotechnology companies. In this study, we build a system dynamics model of the product development pipeline for a single company operating in the pharmaceutical market. The study shows that in the presence of loss of value due to longer lead times, it is more advantageous to: (a) work faster to reduce the backlog of projects; (b) increase the number of projects started whenever it is possible reduce complexity in the pipeline; and also (c) the optimal decision on resource allocation is independent of the loss of value due to longer lead times.

scholarly journals Salt stress mitigation by salicylic acid in wheat for food security in coastal area of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
pp. 07-16
Author(s):  
Sayed Abdul Akher ◽  
Md Nazirul Islam Sarker ◽  
Shamima Naznin
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Total Treatment ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Salt stress has a large impact on controlling the plant growth and development. The present study was conducted to examine the role of salicylic acid on alleviation of salt stress in wheat. In this experiment, the treatment consisted of four different salinity levels viz. S0 = without salt (control), S1 = 2.8 g NaCl kg-1 soil ? 3-4 dSm-1, S2 = 6.0 g NaCl kg-1 soil ? 7-8 dSm-1, S3 = 9.0 g NaCl kg-1 soil ? 11-12 dSm-1 and three different levels of salicylic acid (SA) viz. A0 = 0 mM, A1= 0.2 mM and A2 = 0.4 mM. It was done by using two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The total treatment combinations were 12 (4x3). Results of the experiment showed a significant dissimilarity among the treatments in respect of the major parameters. Yield of wheat were exaggerated by different levels of salinity. The higher levels of salinity showed greater reduction of yield. The highest grain yields (1.55 tha-1) were recorded at S0A2 (Without Salt + 0.4 mM salicylic acid) treatment combination which did not show any difference with S0A0 (Without Salt+ Without SA) and S0A1 (Without Salt + 0.2 mM SA). But the grain yield was gradually decreased with the increasing level of salinity. The application of salicylic acid increased the grain yield differently according to the levels of salinity. The minimum grain yields were found 1.14 t ha-1, 1.07 tha-1 and 0.26 t ha-1 at 3-4 dSm-1, 7-8 dSm-1 and 11-12 dSm-1 NaCl respectively. These yields were increased with SA (0.4 mM) from 1.14 to 1.32 tha-1, 1.07 to 1.14 tha-1 and 0.26 to 0.31 tha-1 at 3-4 dSm-1, 7-8 dSm-1 and 11-12 dSm-1 NaCl respectively. These results suggest that salicylic acid can alleviate the detrimental impacts of salinity and increase the grain yield of wheat.

scholarly journals The Influence of Level of Proficiency in the L2 and L3 on the Production of the L3 Spanish Apico-alveolar Sibilant

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-107
Author(s):  
Jolanta Sypiańska ◽  
Zuzanna Cal
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Spectral Moments ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Third Language Acquisition ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Different Levels

Current Third Language Acquisition research has traditionally focused on the L2 status (e.g. Hammarberg 2001, Bardel & Falk 2007) or linguistic proximity (e.g. Cenoz 2001, Westergaard, Mitrofanova, Mykhaylyk & Rodina 2016). Limited research has been conducted on the influence of the potentially significant factor of level of proficiency, and particularly where proficiency in both the L2 (Tremblay 2006, Woll 2016) and the L3 (Hammarberg 2001, Wrembel 2010) may be considered as a conditioning factor for the shape of the L3. The aim of the current study was thus to determine the influence of L2 and L3 level of proficiency (L2LoP and L3LoP) and the interaction of the two factors on the production of the L3 Spanish apico-alveolar sibilant in a group of L1 Polish, L2 English and L3 Spanish trilinguals who had different levels of overall proficiency in the two foreign languages. The parameters of the sibilant under analysis were spectral moments: centre of gravity (M1), standard deviation (M2), skewness (M3) and kurtosis (M4) in intervocalic position in two-syllable words with initial stress. The results point to the influential role of both L2LoP and L3LoP as well as their interaction on the production of the L3 Spanish sibilant. When the level of proficiency in one of the languages was low, it allowed the other language with a higher level of proficiency to exert influence on the values of the spectral moments in the L3 sibilant. This interplay of factors furthers the understanding of how levels of proficiency in the L2 and the L3 condition the developing L3.

scholarly journals Hydrological risk: modeling flood memory and human proximity to rivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ridolfi ◽  
Elena Mondino ◽  
Giuliano Di Baldassarre
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
The Czech Republic

Abstract Recent literature in sociohydrology has shown the important role of flood memory in shaping hydrological risk. In this paper, we present a system dynamics model of human–flood interactions that simulates how the river proximity of human settlements is altered by changes in flood memory. We also compare our model outcomes with an unprecedented dataset consisting of historical and archeological observations of human settlements in the Czech Republic that have been affected by major flood events. This comparison allows us to evaluate the potentials and limitations of our sociohydrological model in capturing essential features of flood risk changes, including the process of resettling farther and closer to the river. Our results show that the accumulation (and decay) of collective memory has potential in explaining temporal changes of flood risk driven by the occurrence (or absence) of major events. As such, this study contributes to advancing knowledge about the complex dynamics of human–water systems, while providing useful insights in the field of flood risk reduction.

ROLE OF ADDED PHOSPHOGYPSUM AND HUMIC ACIDS IN THE KINETIC RELEASE OF SALT FROM SALT AFFECTED SOIL (SALINE – SODIC)

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Salt Affected Soil ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Dissolved Ions ◽  
Kinetic Release

In order to study the effect of phosphogypsum and humic acids in the kinetic release of salt from salt-affected soil, a laboratory experiment was conducted in which columns made from solid polyethylene were 60.0 cm high and 7.1 cm in diameter. The columns were filled with soil so that the depth of the soil was 30 cm inside the column, the experiment included two factors, the first factor was phosphogypsum and was added at levels 0, 5, 10 and 15 tons ha-1 and the second-factor humic acids were added at levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 by mixing them with the first 5 cm of column soil and one repeater per treatment. The continuous leaching method was used by using an electrolytic well water 2.72 dS m-1. Collect the leachate daily and continue the leaching process until the arrival of the electrical conductivity of the filtration of leaching up to 3-5 dS m-1. The electrical conductivity and the concentration of positive dissolved ions (Ca, Mg, Na) were estimated in leachate and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated. The results showed that the best equation for describing release kinetics of the salts and sodium adsorption ratio in soil over time is the diffusion equation. Increasing the level of addition of phosphogypsum and humic acids increased the constant release velocity (K) of salts and the sodium adsorption ratio. The interaction between phosphogypsum and humic acids was also affected by the constant release velocity of salts and the sodium adsorption ratio. The constant release velocity (K) of the salts and the sodium adsorption ratio at any level of addition of phosphogypsum increased with the addition of humic acids. The highest salts release rate was 216.57 in PG3HA3, while the lowest rate was 149.48 in PG0HA0. The highest release rate of sodium adsorption ratio was 206.09 in PG3HA3, while the lowest rate was 117.23 in PG0HA0.

Value-driven issues throughout the development of sociological theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Gulbarshyn Chepurko ◽  
Valerii Pylypenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social System ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

The paper examines and compares how the major sociological theories treat axiological issues. Value-driven topics are analysed in view of their relevance to society in times of crisis, when both societal life and the very structure of society undergo dramatic change. Nowadays, social scientists around the world are also witnessing such a change due to the emergence of alternative schools of sociological thought (non-classical, interpretive, postmodern, etc.) and, subsequently, the necessity to revise the paradigms that have been existed in sociology so far. Since the above-mentioned approaches are often used to address value-related issues, building a solid theoretical framework for these studies takes on considerable significance. Furthermore, the paradigm revision has been prompted by technological advances changing all areas of people’s lives, especially social interactions. The global human community, integral in nature, is being formed, and production of human values now matters more than production of things; hence the “expansion” of value-focused perspectives in contemporary sociology. The authors give special attention to collectivities which are higher-order units of the social system. These units are described as well-organised action systems where each individual performs his/her specific role. Just as the role of an individual is distinct from that of the collectivity (because the individual and the collectivity are different as units), so too a distinction is drawn between the value and the norm — because they represent different levels of social relationships. Values are the main connecting element between the society’s cultural system and the social sphere while norms, for the most part, belong to the social system. Values serve primarily to maintain the pattern according to which the society is functioning at a given time; norms are essential to social integration. Apart from being the means of regulating social processes and relationships, norms embody the “principles” that can be applied beyond a particular social system. The authors underline that it is important for Ukrainian sociology to keep abreast of the latest developments in the field of axiology and make good use of those ideas because this is a prerequisite for its successful integration into the global sociological community.

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