Architectural Styles for Distributed Interoperability

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
José C. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Applications ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Execution Platform ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Description Languages ◽  
Structural Compliance ◽  
Service Interface ◽  
Resource Structure

SOA and REST are the two main architectural styles used for distributed applications. Current SOA implementations use Web Services, which have a flexible service interface but lack resource structure. Current REST implementations use HTTP, with good structural support (through URIs) but fixed service interface, leading to a significant mismatch in modeling some application artifacts. In addition, current data description languages support distributed interoperability by schema sharing (XML) or predefined media types (JSON). This paper makes two main proposals: an architectural style, Structural Service, capable of combining resource structure with flexible services, and a distributed interoperability mechanism, based on structural compliance and conformance, which supports partial interoperability and reduces coupling between interacting services while ensuring that the interoperability requirements of the application are satisfied. Since current technologies do not readily support these proposals, the author developed a language and its execution platform that supports structural services and compliance and conformance.

Bridging Services and Resources with Structural Services

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
José C. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Service Oriented Architecture ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Representational State Transfer ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
State Transfer ◽  
Fixed Set ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Structural Compliance

The most used approaches for distributed application integration are based on the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural styles. Each is more adequate to a different class of applications and exhibits advantages and disadvantages. This paper not only shows that they are dual architectural styles, SOA oriented towards behavior (services) and REST towards state (structured resources), but also contends that it is possible to combine them to maximize the advantages and to minimize the disadvantages. A new architectural style, Structural Services, is proposed and described. Unlike REST, resources are not constrained to offer a fixed set of operations and, unlike SOA, services are allowed to have structure. To minimize resource coupling, this style uses structural interoperability based on the concepts of structural compliance and conformance, instead of schema sharing (as in SOA) or standardized and previously agreed upon media types (as in REST).

Unifying Services and Resources

2014 ◽  
pp. 380-413
Author(s):  
José C. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Programming ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Media Type ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Structural Compliance ◽  
The Web

Current integration solutions are still based on technologies developed for the original Web problem, which is browsing remote hypermedia documents with text as the main media type. Text-based data descriptions such as XML and JSON and stateless and connectionless protocols such as HTTP are still the norm to achieve distributed integration. However, the Web today is much more dynamic, in that resources are no longer passive hypermedia documents but are active and implement services. SOA and REST are the most used architectural styles to implement distributed integration, and each exhibits advantages and disadvantages. This chapter illustrates that they are dual architectural styles—one oriented towards behavior and the other towards state—and contends that it is possible to combine them to maximize the advantages and to minimize the disadvantages. A new architectural style, designated Structural Services, is proposed and described. Unlike REST, resources are able to offer a variable set of operations, and unlike SOA, services are allowed to have structure. To minimize resource coupling, this style uses structural interoperability based on the concepts of structural compliance and conformance, instead of schema sharing (as in SOA) or standardized and previously agreed upon media types (as in REST). To delineate how this style can be implemented, a new distributed programming language is presented.

Beyond SOA and REST for Distributed Application Integration

2018 ◽  
pp. 228-257
Author(s):  
José Carlos Martins Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Service Oriented Architecture ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Application Integration ◽  
Distributed Application ◽  
Representational State Transfer ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
State Transfer ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Structural Compliance ◽  
Application Specific

The fundamental problem of distributed application integration is reducing application coupling as much as possible while still meeting the minimum interoperability requirements. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and representational state transfer (REST) are the most used architectural styles to deal with this problem. This chapter performs a comparative study of these styles and shows that, while both solve basic interoperability, neither of them minimizes coupling, since data description schemas are shared by the interacting applications (symmetric interoperability). SOA is oriented towards behavior (services) and REST towards state (structured resources). Services have no structure and resources have a fixed service. This chapter proposes a new architectural style, structured services, that combines the best characteristics of SOA and REST (services can have structure and resources can implement application-specific services), while using asymmetric interoperability (schema compatibility is based on structural compliance and conformance) to minimize application coupling.

Enterprise Integration With the Structural Services Architectural Style

2019 ◽  
pp. 352-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos Martins Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Service Oriented Architecture ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Enterprise Integration ◽  
Representational State Transfer ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
State Transfer ◽  
Enterprise Applications ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Structural Compliance

The Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural styles are the most used for the integration of enterprise applications. Each is more adequate to a different class of applications and exhibits advantages and disadvantages. This chapter performs a comparative study between them. It is shown that SOA and REST are dual architectural styles, one oriented towards behavior and the other towards state. This raises the question of whether it is possible to combine them to maximize the advantages and to minimize the disadvantages. A new architectural style, Structural Services, is proposed to obtain the best characteristics from SOA and REST. As in SOA, services are able to offer a variable set of operations and, as in REST, resources are allowed to have structure. This style uses structural interoperability, based on structural compliance and conformance. A service-oriented programming language is also introduced to instantiate this architectural style.

Bridging the SOA and REST Architectural Styles

2012 ◽  
pp. 276-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
José C. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Style ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Structural Compliance

This chapter proposes a new architectural style, based on a combination of the best characteristics of SOA and REST, which the authors designate as Structural Services. Unlike REST, resources are able to offer a variable set of operations, and unlike SOA, services are allowed to have structure. This style uses structural interoperability, which includes structural compliance and conformance.

Successful Entrepreneurship as Developmental Outcome

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Obschonka ◽  
Rainer K. Silbereisen ◽  
Eva Schmitt-Rodermund
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Authoritative Parenting ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Success ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
Age Appropriate

Applying a lifespan approach of human development, this study examined pathways to entrepreneurial success by analyzing retrospective and current data. Along the lines of McClelland’s ideas of early entrepreneurship development and Rauch and Frese’s Giessen-Amsterdam model on venture success, we investigated the roles of founders’ adolescent years (early role models, authoritative parenting, and early entrepreneurial competence), personality traits (Big Five pattern), and entrepreneurial skills and growth goals during venture creation. Findings were derived from structural equation modeling studying two comparable samples of founders (N = 531) and nascent founders (N = 100) from Germany. Across both samples, reports on age-appropriate entrepreneurial competence in adolescence and an entrepreneurial Big Five profile predicted entrepreneurial skills during venture creation, which in turn predicted founders’ setting of ambitious growth goals and entrepreneurial success. Early entrepreneurial competence was related to the availability of entrepreneurial role models and authoritative parenting during adolescence as well as to an entrepreneurial Big Five profile. In line with prospective reports on early precursors of entrepreneurship, the findings illuminate the development of entrepreneurship in general and entrepreneurial success in particular over the lifespan, especially with regard to factors relevant in the adolescent years and the interplay with personality across different developmental periods.

Influence of potting media types and weights on emergence and shoot growth of avocado (Persea americanaMill.) seedlings

Fruits ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-356
Author(s):  
Edossa Etissa ◽  
Seifu G Mariam ◽  
H. Ravishanker
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Media Types

Russia - European Union: The continuation ofthe sanctions standoff

2017 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
M. Klinova ◽  
E. Sidorova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Year 2013

The article deals with economic sanctions and their impact on the state and prospects of the neighboring partner economies - the European Union (EU) and Russia. It provides comparisons of current data with that of the year 2013 (before sanctions) to demonstrate the impact of sanctions on both sides. Despite the fact that Russia remains the EU’s key partner, it came out of the first three partners of the EU. The current economic recession is caused by different reasons, not only by sanctions. Both the EU and Russia have internal problems, which the sanctions confrontation only exacerbates. The article emphasizes the need for a speedy restoration of cooperation.

ENRICHING MEDIA MERCHANDISE SARANA PENUNJANG PROMOSI STUDI KASUS PADA BOOKSTORE

CCIT Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-436
Author(s):  
Dewi Immaniar ◽  
Sudaryono Sudaryono ◽  
Ayu Ningrum
Keyword(s):  
Visual Media ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Media Campaign ◽  
Business World ◽  
Retail Business ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Types ◽  
The Times ◽  
A Company

Talk about retail business can not be separated from the importance of service to consumers and good quality goods . But at the present time due to intense competition in the business world , the service and quality of goods is not enough to be able to increase revenue and attract customers loyal . This makes companies think hard to survive and stable in the business . One of them is by using a media campaign in this regard more toward print or visual media is indirectly felt the value of their effectiveness in communicating product marketing programs . PT . Times Prima Indonesia is a company engaged in the retail book with the name of the Times bookstores . Based on the analysis of the company’s problems requires additional media types supporting more varied and creatif promotion of existing ones, which will be used as a complement and a media campaign as well as to enrich the data renewal campaign design to capture the interest of consumers in which one form of the media campaign is shaped merchandise . Therefore , do Enriching ( enrich ) media campaign merchandise before it is less varied and has not formed a company image . The methodology used is the analysis, observation and design . Besides the new design has been tested with the implemented test duration for 6 months, and greatly increases the perceived contribution , this is evidenced by the chart sales increasing each month.

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