An Empirical Study of Artificial Participants

This study is an investigation of artificial participants operating in their appropriate environment. The artificial participants in this study are artificial chess players and their appropriate environment is a chess game. This study is an empirical investigation testing the hypothesis that the length of a chess game is inversely related to the difference in the chess skill levels of the artificial chess players. Five series of chess games of 18 games in each series were instituted between five pairings of web-based chess engines. The chess engine, chess.com Level 10, was a player in each series and won all 18 games in each series. The opposing players came from the Play Magnus app at five different levels of chess skill. This study provided an investigation of 90 chess games involving artificial chess players. The hypothesis for the study was confirmed. Game length was significantly inversely related to the disparity in chess proficiency between artificial chess players. This is one of the first scientific studies of artificial participants.

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An Empirical Study on the Difference of the Housing Satisfaction among the Residential type of the Housing Voucher Beneficiaries

Residential Environment Institute Of Korea ◽

10.22313/reik.2017.15.3.185 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 185-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seung Geun Ham ◽

◽

Min Seub Choi ◽

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Housing Satisfaction ◽

The Difference ◽

Housing Voucher

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Mode Shape-Based Damage Detection Method (MSDI): Experimental Validation

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4589

Author(s):

Ivan Duvnjak ◽

Domagoj Damjanović ◽

Marko Bartolac ◽

Ana Skender

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Damage Detection ◽

Mode Shape ◽

Experimental Validation ◽

Detection Method ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Damage Index ◽

Main Principle ◽

The Difference ◽

Different Levels

The main principle of vibration-based damage detection in structures is to interpret the changes in dynamic properties of the structure as indicators of damage. In this study, the mode shape damage index (MSDI) method was used to identify discrete damages in plate-like structures. This damage index is based on the difference between modified modal displacements in the undamaged and damaged state of the structure. In order to assess the advantages and limitations of the proposed algorithm, we performed experimental modal analysis on a reinforced concrete (RC) plate under 10 different damage cases. The MSDI values were calculated through considering single and/or multiple damage locations, different levels of damage, and boundary conditions. The experimental results confirmed that the MSDI method can be used to detect the existence of damage, identify single and/or multiple damage locations, and estimate damage severity in the case of single discrete damage.

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Lags in the release, adoption, and propagation of npm vulnerability fixes

Empirical Software Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10664-021-09951-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Bodin Chinthanet ◽

Raula Gaikovina Kula ◽

Shane McIntosh ◽

Takashi Ishio ◽

Akinori Ihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Empirical Investigation ◽

Third Party ◽

Future Research ◽

Software Ecosystem ◽

Security Vulnerability ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Client Side

AbstractSecurity vulnerability in third-party dependencies is a growing concern not only for developers of the affected software, but for the risks it poses to an entire software ecosystem, e.g., Heartbleed vulnerability. Recent studies show that developers are slow to respond to the threat of vulnerability, sometimes taking four to eleven months to act. To ensure quick adoption and propagation of a release that contains the fix (fixing release), we conduct an empirical investigation to identify lags that may occur between the vulnerable release and its fixing release (package-side fixing release). Through a preliminary study of 231 package-side fixing release of npm projects on GitHub, we observe that a fixing release is rarely released on its own, with up to 85.72% of the bundled commits being unrelated to a fix. We then compare the package-side fixing release with changes on a client-side (client-side fixing release). Through an empirical study of the adoption and propagation tendencies of 1,290 package-side fixing releases that impact throughout a network of 1,553,325 releases of npm packages, we find that stale clients require additional migration effort, even if the package-side fixing release was quick (i.e., package-side fixing releasetypeSpatch). Furthermore, we show the influence of factors such as the branch that the package-side fixing release lands on and the severity of vulnerability on its propagation. In addition to these lags we identify and characterize, this paper lays the groundwork for future research on how to mitigate propagation lags in an ecosystem.

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Six ultraviolet minutes for cleaner operating theatres

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.580 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

R Bosco ◽

S Gambelli ◽

V Urbano ◽

G Cevenini ◽

G Messina

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Before And After ◽

Operating Theatres ◽

Cleaning Procedures ◽

The Difference ◽

Contamination Levels ◽

Different Levels ◽

Better Than ◽

Final Cleaning

Abstract Background Sanitizing the operating theatres (OT) is important to minimize risk of post-operative infections. Disinfection procedures between one operation and another is less aggressive than final cleaning procedures, at the end of the day. Aim was assessing the difference of contamination: i) between different levels of disinfection; ii) before and after the use of a UVC Device (UVC-D). Methods Between December 2019/February 2020 a cross sectional study was conducted in OT in a real clinical context. 94 Petri dishes (PD) were used in 3 OT. Three different sanitation levels (SL1-3) were compared pre- and post-use of UVC-D: i) No cleaning after surgery (SL1); ii) after in-between cleaning (SL2); iii) after terminal cleaning (SL3). UVC-D was employed for 6 minutes, 3 minutes per bed side. PD were incubated at 36 °C and colony forming unit (CFU) counted at 48h. Descriptive statistic, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to assess the contamination levels in total, pre/post use of UVC-D, and between different sanitation levels, respectively. Results In total we had a mean of 3.39 CFU/PD (C.I. 2.05 - 4.74) and a median of 1 CFU/PD (Min. 0 - Max. 39), after UVC-D use we had a mean of 2.20 CFU/PD (C.I. 0.69 - 5.09) and a median of 0 CFU/PD (Min. 0 - Max. 133). The UVC-D led to a significant reduction of CFU (p < 0.001). Without UVC-D we had a significant CFU drop (p < 0.05) between SL1 and SL3. Using UVC-D, we observed significant reductions of contamination (p < 0.05) between SL3 and SL1. Comparing SL1 (median 0) post UVC-D use vs SL2 pre UVC-D use (median 0.5), and SL2 post UVC-D use (median 0) vs SL3 pre UVC-D use (median 1) we had a significant reduction of contamination (p < 0.05). Conclusions UVC-D improved environmental contamination in any of the three sanitation levels. Furthermore, the use of UVC-D alone was better than in-between and terminal cleaning. Although these encouraging results, the cleaning procedures executed by dedicated staff has to be considered. Key messages UVC are efficient to decrease contamination in operating theatres regardless of sanitation levels. The additional use of UVC technology to standard cleaning procedures significantly improves sanitation levels.

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Insertion of vowels in English syllabic consonantal clusters pronounced by L1 Polish speakers

Open Linguistics ◽

10.1515/opli-2021-0014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 331-341

Author(s):

Urszula Chwesiuk

Keyword(s):

Language Learning ◽

Teaching Methodology ◽

English Studies ◽

Vowel Reduction ◽

Potential Influence ◽

English System ◽

The Difference ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Different Levels

Abstract The aim of this study was an attempt to verify whether Polish speakers of English insert a vowel in the word-final clusters containing a consonant and a syllabic /l/ or /n/ due to the L1–L2 transfer. L1 Polish speakers are mostly unaware of the existence of syllabic consonants; hence, they use the Polish phonotactics and articulate a vocalic sound before a final sonorant which is deprived of its syllabicity. This phenomenon was examined among L1 Polish speakers, 1-year students of English studies, and the recording sessions were repeated a year later. Since, over that time, they were instructed with regard to phonetics and phonology but also the overall practical language learning, the results demonstrated the occurrence of the phenomenon of vowel insertion on different levels of advanced command of English. If the vowels were inserted, their quality and length were monitored and analysed. With regard to the English system, pronouncing vowel /ə/ before a syllabic consonant is possible, yet not usual. That is why another aim of this study is to examine to what extent the vowels articulated by the subjects differ from the standard pronunciation of non-final /ə/. The quality differences between the vowels articulated in the words ending with /l/ and /n/ were examined as well as the potential influence from the difference between /l/ and /n/ on the occurrence of vowel reduction. Even though Polish phonotactics permit numerous consonantal combinations in all word positions, it proved to be challenging for L1 Polish speakers to pronounce word-final consonantal clusters containing both syllabic sonorants. This result carries practical implications for the teaching methodology of English phonetics.

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Institutions, Models of Capitalism and Inequality in Income Distribution: An Empirical Investigation

Socio-Economic Review ◽

10.1093/ser/mwx059 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 651-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gilberto Antonelli ◽

Pinuccia P Calia ◽

Giovanni Guidetti

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Empirical Investigation ◽

Econometric Evidence ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Empirical Analysis ◽

Statistical Indicators ◽

Different Levels

Abstract The article analyses the role of institutions in the determination of income inequality in a sample of OECD countries. Basing on the seminal approach by Amable, the article discusses the theoretical definition of model of capitalism. The basic idea is that each model of capitalism is defined by the cobweb of complementary relationships established among different institutions. Using a set of statistical indicators of the operation of institutions in two different years, 1995 and 2010, the empirical analysis points out five models of capitalism and exhibits how their composition has changed in this lapse of 15 years. In the following sections of the article, we investigate the role played by the model of capitalism in the determination of income distribution, measured through a standard Gini index. After controlling for a set of variables, the econometric evidence shows that different models of capitalism present significantly different levels of income inequality.

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中國大陸內幕交易法介紹與刑事處罰實證研究：1997－2019

中正財經法學 ◽

10.53106/207873752021010022003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (22) ◽

pp. 103-185

Author(s):

林建中林建中 ◽

李揚李揚

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Insider Trading ◽

Empirical Investigation ◽

Criminal Cases ◽

Relevant Research ◽

Securities Law ◽

Comprehensive Picture ◽

The Law ◽

The Relationship

內幕交易罪的處理，在證券法的發展歷史中，一直具有理論與實務上之重要意義。此一問題，在中國大陸相對初生但生猛且量體巨大的市場環境中如何被面對，從理論與比較法觀點，均具備特殊的研究價值。立法層面上，中國大陸法對於內幕交易的實體法構成，經二十多年的持續發展，已呈現出一定的複雜與完整面貌。然就執行層面視之，法院對於條文的理解與具體適用仍存在諸多爭議之處，同時，相關實證統計等資料的缺乏，也成為執行層面上對內幕交易罪研究的主要障礙之一。基於上述認識，本文立足於內幕交易刑事處罰執行層面的觀察，試圖呈現相關法律設計在中國大陸的司法實踐現狀。並通過1997年立法以來法院判決的實證研究，本文除一般性地檢驗內幕交易的執法情況外，同時針對法院在解釋犯罪構成上所呈現的爭議，進行進一步的評估。文中依照觀察面向的差異，特別鎖定三個重要的子議題：內幕信息的類型及其認定、被告「知悉」的司法判準、刑事處罰的比例性在內幕交易罪中的運用與體現。以上述實證研究結果為基礎，本文擬對於中國大陸內幕交易罪之司法執行效力提出評估，同時也補充性地可提供臺灣一定之參考。Insider trading has long been recognized as one of the key elements in modern securities law. As a massive but relatively young market, how China handles this issue is a topic rich in comparative value. On its face, the law and regulations prohibiting insider trading in securities transactions have already in place for more than two decades. However, their actual implementation, as well as how courts interpret the elements of insider trading offense in cases, are still obscure to outside observers. The lack of in-depth empirical investigation in its enforcement further creates an extra layer of complexity to the relevant research. Due to the problems mentioned above, this paper conducts an empirical study of the insider trading criminal cases, ranging from 1997 to 2019, to examine how insider trading cases are enforced in China. By observing the actual cases and their attributes, this paper presents a comprehensive picture of who commits insider trading law in China and how courts decide these cases. Three sub-set issues of the implementation are under special scrutiny:types of information and defendants; standard of proving defendant's scienter; and the relationship between sanction and illegal gain. Based on the results of this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of the enforcement on insider trading law in China in its first two decades of existence.

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An Empirical Study on the Difference on Cooperation Intention Between Segmented Group by MICE City Brand Value Pursuit

Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research ◽

10.31336/jtlr.2021.7.33.7.355 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 355-372

Author(s):

Hee-jung Han ◽

Yeong-Hye Yoon ◽

Yooshik Yoon

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Brand Value ◽

City Brand ◽

The Difference

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Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽

10.54664/bcpp7658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Haman ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Criminal Law ◽

The Other ◽

Legal Documents ◽

The Third ◽

Other Hand ◽

Criminal Offenses ◽

The World ◽

The Difference ◽

Different Levels ◽

Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

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