Two-Step Preparation of Bio-Diesel from the Used Bleaching Clay

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 1774-1777
Author(s):  
Su Xi Wu ◽  
Shuai Hang Yan ◽  
Hui Cai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Optimal Reaction Condition ◽  
Optimal Reaction

with the shortage of the raw material oil for producing bio-diesel in China, the oil, recovered from the used bleaching clay which often be discarded by vegetable oil factory, was used to prepare bio-diesel in this trial. Two-step catalyzed process was adopted to produce biodiesel from the oil. The effect of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, alkaline catalyst quantity, reaction temperature and reaction time on the preesterification and transesterification reaction was investigated through orthogonal experiments. Thus the optimal reaction condition came out. Firstly, the optimal pre-esterification condition, under which the end acid value of the product was minimum (i.e. 1.88 mgKOH/g),was to react for 40 h at 60°C,with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, and by adding alkali catalyst 4% based on the oil weight. Secondly，the optimal transesterification condition, under which the maximum yield of bio-diesel can reach up to 98.2%, was to react for 2.5 h at 60°C,with the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7:1, and by adding catalyst 1.25% based on the oil weight.

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Produce Biodiesel Using Acid and Alkaline Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3566-3572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Li ◽  
Hou Bo Zhou ◽  
Yang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Cooking Oil

Fossil oil as a nonrenewable energy resource, with the development of global economy, the need for energy increases continuously. Biodiesel is a renewable and clean energy, which is made by vegetable oil or animal fat and methyl alcohol to produce fatty acid esters. This research shows that waste cooking oil can be used for biodiesel by the means of esterification and transesterification, at the same time waste cooking oil can be reused. Through orthogonal design, the optimum conditions are that at first ,using sulfuric acid 5wt% of waste cooking oil as catalyst, the molar ratio of methanol and oil is 30:1, the reaction temperature is 65 °C，and the reaction time is 3h ; the second step, KOH is used as catalyst, the amount of the KOH is 0.15wt%, the levels of methanol to oil ratio is 25:1, reaction temperature is 60 °C， reaction time is 1h. The maximum yield of biodiesel is 93.24wt%.

scholarly journals Utilization of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) as a Major Raw Material for the Production of Biodiesel

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossain Mohammad Imran ◽  
Arafat H. Khan ◽  
M. Shahinul Islam ◽  
R.S. Niher ◽  
Asaduzzaman Sujan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Main Product ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Pongamia Pinnata ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Experimental Process ◽  
One Step ◽  
Karanja Oil

An experimental process for the production of biodiesel using karanja (Pongamia pinnata) seeds as a raw material has been studied. This process involved transesterification of karanja oil with methanol in the presence of a catalyst (NaOH), to yield biodiesel as the main product and glycerin as by-product. In this research work, free fatty acid (FFA) of Karanja oil was determined and it was found less than 5%. As a result, one step transesterification was carried out. Oil to methanol molar ratio (6:1 to 12:1), variation (0.5% to 1.6% wt of oil) of Catalyst (NaOH) concentration was determined. Base-catalyzed transesterification converted karanja oil into biodiesel and glycerol using 1% NaOH as alkaline catalyst at 60-65°C. This study revealed the maximum yield of biodiesel up to 85% with methanol to oil ratio 1:9 and for 1.5 hr reaction at 65°C. Co-ignition of biodiesel with commercial diesel was also evaluated and it was found that diesel engine run smoothly in the ratio of commercial diesel to biodiesel was 7:3.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11506 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 203-207, 2012 (July)

scholarly journals PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LEMAK SAPI DENGAN PROSES TRANSESTERIFIKASI DENGAN KATALIS BASA NaOH

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ranggita Dwi Nindya Affandi ◽  
Toni Rizki Aruan ◽  
Taslim ◽  
Iriany
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reflux Condenser

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel commonly produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol through transesterification. Beef tallow was used as a raw material of transesterification to make biodiesel, because the price of beef tallow was driven down by the market and to reduce the pollution to the surrounding. In this research variable observed were reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst. Transesterification was carried out in a three necked spherical Pyrex vessel equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer and thermometer. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use beef tallow as low cost sustainable potential feedstock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. Under optimal condition, the maximum yield of 95,67 % beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 6 : 1 molar ratio of beef tallow to methanol at 50 oC for a reaction time 30 minutes in the presence of 0,8 wt% of NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel properties were comparable to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is suitable for feedstock of biodiesel production with low cost.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from a Novel Nonedible Feedstock, Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seed Oil

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Uyen Pham ◽  
My Nguyen ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
American Society ◽  
Optimal Reaction

This study investigated the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production from soursop (Annona muricata) seeds. A high oil yield of 29.6% (w/w) could be obtained from soursop seeds. Oil extracted from soursop seeds was then converted into biodiesel through two-step transesterification process. A highest biodiesel yield of 97.02% was achieved under optimal acid-catalyzed esterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, 1% H2SO4, reaction time: 90 min, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 10:1) and optimal alkali-catalyzed transesterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, reaction time: 30 min, 0.6% NaOH, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 8:1). The properties of soursop biodiesel were determined and most were found to meet the European standard EN 14214 and American Society for Testing and Materials standard D6751. This study suggests that soursop seed oil is a promising biodiesel feedstock and that soursop biodiesel is a viable alternative to petrodiesel.

Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHAp) Derived from Pork Bone as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Microwave Irradiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Thaweethong Inkaew ◽  
Laorrut Kodephun ◽  
Wipada Yenying ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Natural Hydroxyapatite

The use of waste materials for producing biodiesel via transesterification has been of recent interest. In this study, the pork bone was used as the raw materials for natural hydroxyapatite (NHAp) catalyst. The calcination of animal bone was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting heterogeneous catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading and reusability of catalyst were systematically investigated. The optimum conditions, which yielded a conversion of oil of nearly 94%, were reaction time 5 min and microwave power 800 W. The results indicated that the NHAp catalysts derived from pork bone showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

Biodiesel Production From Crude Rubber Seed Oil Using Supercritical Methanol Transesterification

2015 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 655-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thakun Sawiwat ◽  
Somjai Kajorncheappunngam
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Supercritical Methanol ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Synthesis of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using a supercritical methanol was investigated under various reaction conditions (220 - 300°C, 80 - 180 bar) with reaction time of 1-15 min and oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:20 - 1:60. Free fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Most properties of produced biodiesel were in good agreement with biodiesel standard (EN 14214). The maximum FAME yield of 86.90% was obtained at 260°C, 160 bar, 5 min reaction time using oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:40. The result showed the acid value of rubber seed oil decreased to 0.58 mgKOH/g from initial 24 mgKOH/g to. It could be concluded from this findings that crude rubber seed oil is a promising alternative raw material for biodiesel synthesis via supercritical methanol tranesterification.

Process Research of 1-(3,4-Dichloropheny)-3-Methyl-Pyrazolone-5-one Synthesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 450-451 ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Qun Yu ◽  
You Bin Mo ◽  
Yan Fang Liao ◽  
Hai Zhou ◽  
Zhi Peng He
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Ethyl Acetoacetate ◽  
Process Research ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reaction Condition ◽  
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride ◽  
New Process ◽  
Optimal Reaction Condition ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Chromatographic Purity

The new process of 1-(3,4-dichloropheny)-3-methyl-pyrazolone-5-one (34DCPMP) synthesis had been discovered, which using 3,4-dichloro phenylhydrazine hydrochloride(DCPH) and ethyl acetoacetate as the raw material , The product was obtained by the route during cyclization in aqueous medium. The structure of products was confirmed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and IR. The effects of factors on the yield of products were investigated. It was found that the yield of 34DCPMP can reach 98.7% under the optimal reaction condition of n(34DCPH):n(ethyl acetoacetate) with 1:1.1, n(34DCPH):n(Na2SO3) with 1.3:1 at 80°C, and pH 7.5 for 3h. The chromatographic purity can be higher than 98.2%.

scholarly journals A Long-Chain Alkylation of Dialdehyde Starch to Improve Its Thermal Stability and Hydrophobicity

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jiang Zhu ◽  
Zhaodong Wang ◽  
Haitao Ni ◽  
Xiang Liu ◽  
Jian Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Dialdehyde Starch ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Long Chain

Hydrophobic dialdehyde starch (HDAS) was synthesized by dialdehyde starch (DAS) and eighteen-alkyl primary amine as the raw material in DMSO. The effect of the reaction conditions on the yield of HDAS was investigated such as catalyst content, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the in-feed molar ratio of -CHO/-NH2. Moreover, the optimized test parameters were obtained by conducting orthogonal experiment. The molecular structure and the morphology of HDAS were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). And the thermal stability and the hydrophobic properties of HDAS were investigated by thermal gravimetric analyzer (TG) and the hydrophobic testing. The results indicate that the yield of HDAS is the highest up to 44.21%, with feed composition 1 : 0.9, reaction temperature 40°C, reaction time 8 h, and acetic acid content 3%. And the introduction of the long-chain alkyl groups into the DAS backbones will ameliorate efficaciously the thermal stability and the hydrophobic properties of DAS, which almost has no effect on the DAS particle size.

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 610-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natta Pimngern ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ETHOXYLATED GLYCEROL MONOOLEATE AS PALM OIL BASED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indri Badria Adilina ◽  
Egi Agustian ◽  
Yenny Meliana ◽  
Anny Sulaswatty
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Glycerol Monooleate

Palm oil based nonionic surfactants were synthesized by reacting glycerol monooleate with ethylene oxide at 80 ºC in the prescence of an alkaline catalyst. Purification of the products was conducted by use of acetic acid and black carbon which gave ethoxylated products (EGMO) with a higher level of viscocity and greater solubility in water. Physical and chemical properties of the product such as surface activity, cloud point, acid value, ester value, hydroxyl value, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance was also determined and results varied depending on the reagent molar ratio. The synthesized EGMO were soluble in water and therefore show potential use as surface active agents in personal care and cosmetic products.Keywords:   nonionic surfactant, ethoxylation, glycerol monooleate, palm oil

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