New Methods to Evaluate Diesel Smoke from Inspection/Maintenance Vehicles Using Integration of Smoke Emissions over a Measurement Cycle of Snap-Acceleration Test at no Load

2013 ◽  
Vol 319 ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choong Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Method ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Measurement Cycle ◽  
Consecutive Measurement ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Acceleration Test

Each country regularly inspects smoke emissions from diesel vehicles. The most common method is a snap acceleration test at no load. Currently, the representative smoke value of a tested vehicle is decided by averaging three peak values which correspond to three consecutive measurement cycles. The biggest problem of the current method of determining the representative smoke of tested vehicles based on the averaging 3 consecutive peak values is that it varies enormously according to how the driver pushes the accelerator. In this study, new methods based on integration were researched to calculate representative smoke values from tested vehicles using the same data obtained by a snap acceleration test at no load. The smoke emissions for each measurement cycle were integrated with respect to time, and the average of the integrated values was obtained. Also, the smoke value of the acceleration range in each measurement cycle was integrated and the average was obtained. The representative value of smoke emissions was analyzed according to both the old and new calculation method. A total of 20 vehiclesof the same model with 2 liter diesel engineswere tested using snap acceleration at no load. It was found that the fluctuation of the representative smoke values of the tested vehicles was reduced when the average of the integrated values over either one measurement cycle or the acceleration range was used as the representative value.

scholarly journals A frequency determination method for automotive nanosensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gurko ◽  
O.Yu. Sergiyenko
Keyword(s):  
Rational Approximation ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Determination Method ◽  
Automotive Applications ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Frequency Determination ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Frequency Calculation

The growing popularity of nanosensors in various automotive applications requires new methods for counting the frequency of electrical signals, into which the measured non-electrical parameters are converted. This need is because automobile nanosensors are to register very small changes in the measured parameters that, besides, can change very fast. The paper proposes for use in automotive nanosensors a frequency calculation method based on the principle of rational approximation, which meets the above requirements.

Calculation Method Research about Theoretical Line Loss' Boundary of Distribution Network

2013 ◽  
Vol 860-863 ◽  
pp. 1955-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Hua Zhang ◽  
Jiang Zeng ◽  
Chang Ming Chen ◽  
Shao Hua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Method ◽  
Ultimate Load ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Load Curve ◽  
Line Load ◽  
Shape Coefficient ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Theoretical Line ◽  
Line Loss

Based on mastering the supply power and the maximum load of the 10kV distribution transformers, this paper calculated the maximum and minimum load shape coefficient of the transformers and segmented lines, and obtained the upper and lower limitation of the theoretical line loss with average current method. In the largest variable loss calculating process, this paper put forward an effective iterative fitting algorithm. Firstly, it fitted out the ultimate load curve of the transformer high voltage side, then it fitted through iteration out the ultimate load curve of the superior branch lines and calculated the maximum shape coefficient, considering the influence of transformers loss on the line load curve in the calculation process. The calculation method provided theory evidence for enterprise line loss management level evaluation and vulnerable spot location in the line loss management and enterprise future line loss rate indicator setting.

Ultrasonic Ion Pumps in Bio-Battery’s Electrolyte

2012 ◽  
Vol 463-464 ◽  
pp. 909-913
Author(s):  
Ahmad Amjadi ◽  
Afsoon Ebrahimi ◽  
Arefe Sherafati ◽  
Narges Khalilgharibi ◽  
Mani Karimkhan Zand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Standing Waves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Ion Pumps ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Near Future

Bio-batteries are environmental friendly electricity generation devices that utilize energy from biological sources , like glucose[1][2]. It consists of an anode with digesting enzymes and a cathode comprising oxygen-reducing enzymes. Immobilizing enzymes is a considerable issue in these kinds of devices. In this article, we propose two new methods for immobilizing and shifting particles likewise enzymes used in bio-batteries towards the anode or cathode end. Our experiments illustrate how tiny particles could be trapped in the nodes of the ultrasonic standing waves and by two methods of displacing the nodes, we can transfer the particles towards a desired location. First method is based on sweeping the frequency of the operation to the higher frequency and the second is based on changing the circuit phase. The above-mentioned methods can be used instead of the other common method in which certain polymers is applied for this purpose. Using these polymers are not economically commodious and makes bio-batteries too expensive[1]. We hope suggested methods lead to wide spread production of bio-batteries in near future and in more efficient ways than they are currently being produced

scholarly journals Validation of the Analytical Method for the Determination of Flavonoids in Broccoli

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Tuszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation

AbstractA simple, accurate and selective HPLC method was developed and validated for determination of quercetin and kaempferol, which are the main flavonols in broccoli. The separation was achieved on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mobile phase composed of methanol/water (60/40) and phosphoric acid 0.2% at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1. The detection was carried out on a DAD detector at 370 nm. This method was validated according to the requirements for new methods, which include selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The current method demonstrates good linearity, with R2 > 0.99. The recovery is within 98.07-102.15% and 97.92-101.83% for quercetin and kaempferol, respectively. The method is selective, in that quercetin and kaempferol are well separated from other compounds of broccoli with good resolution. The low limit of detection and limit of quantitation of quercetin and kaempferol enable the detection and quantitation of these flavonoids in broccoli at low con–centrations.

scholarly journals Codeword Detection, Focusing on Differences in Similar Words Between Two Corpora of Microblogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Takuro Hada ◽  
Yuichi Sei ◽  
Yasuyuki Tahara ◽  
Akihiko Ohsuga
Keyword(s):  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Common Method ◽  
High Likelihood ◽  
Word Usage ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Word Detection ◽  
Significant Effort ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Initial List

Recently, the use of microblogs in drug trafficking has surged and become a social problem. A common method applied by cyber patrols to repress crimes, such as drug trafficking, involves searching for crime-related keywords. However, criminals who post crime-inducing messages maximally exploit “codewords” rather than keywords, such as enjo kosai, marijuana, and methamphetamine, to camouflage their criminal intentions. Research suggests that these codewords change once they gain popularity; thus, effective codeword detection requires significant effort to keep track of the latest codewords. In this study, we focused on the appearance of codewords and those likely to be included in incriminating posts to detect codewords with a high likelihood of inclusion in incriminating posts. We proposed new methods for detecting codewords based on differences in word usage and conducted experiments on concealed-word detection to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. The results showed that the proposed method could detect concealed words other than those in the initial list and to a better degree than the baseline methods. These findings demonstrated the ability of the proposed method to rapidly and automatically detect codewords that change over time and blog posts that instigate crimes, thereby potentially reducing the burden of continuous codeword surveillance.

scholarly journals Numerical Calculations of the GRP Scheme for Nonconservative Ideal Fluid Mechanics Equations Relying on Parallel Calculation of Multifluid Grids

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Huijing Zhan ◽  
Mingze Wu
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Ideal Fluid ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Perturbation Technique ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Hydrodynamics Equations

In order to solve the numerical method of nonconservative ideal hydrodynamics equations, the viscous perturbation technique for solving nonconservative hydrodynamics equations is improved and tested by solving the Riemann problem. The calculation of nonconservative ideal fluid mechanics is based on the GRP format. This article aims at the calculation method of nonconservative ideal fluid mechanics in the GRP format. Riemann and the corresponding periodic vortex are processed. The multifluid network processing method in the article is compared with the current method. The result can prove that this format can be used to solve the nonconservative ideal fluid dynamics equation of multiple values in the GRP format group, its computing power is strong, and the result of the solution is accurate.

Replication of Wet Objects and Cells

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
S. Basu ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Polystyrene Latex ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Saturated Water Vapor ◽  
Replication Method ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Water Vapors ◽  
Intermediate Chamber

We are approaching the invasiveness of cancer cells from the studies of their wet surface morphology which should distinguish them from their normal counterparts. In this report attempts have been made to provide physical basis and background work to a wet replication method with a differentially pumped hydration chamber (Fig. 1) (1,2), to apply this knowledge for obtaining replica of some specimens of known features (e.g. polystyrene latex) and finally to realize more specific problems and to improvize new methods and instrumentation for their rectification. In principle, the evaporant molecules penetrate through a pair of apertures (250, 350μ), through water vapors and is, then, deposited on the specimen. An intermediate chamber between the apertures is pumped independently of the high vacuum system. The size of the apertures is sufficiently small so that full saturated water vapor pressure is maintained near the specimen.

A Freeze Shadow Technique for the Preparation of Soft Paint Latexes for Electron Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 314-315
Author(s):  
Earl R. Walter ◽  
Glen H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Preparation Techniques

With the development of soft, film forming latexes for use in paints and other coatings applications, it became desirable to develop new methods of sample preparation for latex particle size distribution studies with the electron microscope. Conventional latex sample preparation techniques were inadequate due to the pronounced tendency of these new soft latex particles to distort, flatten and fuse on the substrate when they dried. In order to avoid these complications and obtain electron micrographs of undistorted latex particles of soft resins, a freeze-dry, cold shadowing technique was developed. The method has now been used in our laboratory on a routine basis for several years.The cold shadowing is done in a specially constructed vacuum system, having a conventional mechanical fore pump and oil diffusion pump supplying vacuum. The system incorporates bellows type high vacuum valves to permit a prepump cycle and opening of the shadowing chamber without shutting down the oil diffusion pump. A baffeled sorption trap isolates the shadowing chamber from the pumps.

Directional observation on lipid of male nectary of Lindera megaphylla hemsl. by the rapid embedding method with polyethylene glycol (PEG)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-719
Author(s):  
Dai Dalin ◽  
Guo Jianmin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Unsaturated Lipid ◽  
Embedding Method ◽  
Long Period ◽  
New Methods

Lipid cytochemistry has not yet advanced far at the EM level. A major problem has been the loss of lipid during dehydration and embedding. Although the adoption of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide accelerate the chemical reaction of lipid and osmium tetroxide can react on the double bouds of unsaturated lipid to from the osmium black, osmium tetroxide can be reduced in saturated lipid and subsequently some of unsaturated lipid are lost during dehydration. In order to reduce the loss of lipid by traditional method, some researchers adopted a few new methods, such as the change of embedding procedure and the adoption of new embedding media, to solve the problem. In a sense, these new methods are effective. They, however, usually require a long period of preparation. In this paper, we do research on the fiora nectary strucure of lauraceae by the rapid-embedding method wwith PEG under electron microscope and attempt to find a better method to solve the problem mentioned above.

Confronting the grey zone after severe brain injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Peterson ◽  
Adrian M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Severe Brain Injury ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, rapid technological developments in the field of neuroimaging have provided several new methods for revealing thoughts, actions and intentions based solely on the pattern of activity that is observed in the brain. In specialized centres, these methods are now being employed routinely to assess residual cognition, detect consciousness and even communicate with some behaviorally non-responsive patients who clinically appear to be comatose or in a vegetative state. In this article, we consider some of the ethical issues raised by these developments and the profound implications they have for clinical care, diagnosis, prognosis and medical-legal decision-making after severe brain injury.

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