The Development Prospects and Recommendations of China's Hot Dry Rock Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 842-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Tong Zhou ◽  
Zhi Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Hot Dry Rock ◽  
Distributed Energy Resource ◽  
Human Energy

With the continuous growth of human energy demand, a large number of people around the world increasingly concern about the exploitation of traditional fossil energy will face resource depletion and environmental pollution, scientists from various countries have been constantly exploring, trying to find renewable and non-contamination of clean energy. As a special geothermal resources, hot dry rock have attracted attention of many countries abroad as early as the 1980s and 1990s, which successfully constructed experimental hot dry rock power generation stations. In the situation of worlds traditional energy resources are much more costly and hard to develop, the hot dry rock, a widely distributed energy resource in China, we have the ability and need to be developed and utilized of it. This article describes the Chinese potential amount of hot dry rock resources and preferred areas of mining development, as well as developed countries hot dry rock technology research status and experiences, which can make some comments on the actual exploration and exploitation in China.

scholarly journals Geothermal resource exploration by using Numerical simulation and comprehensive geophysical method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Bin Xiong ◽  
Sanxi Peng ◽  
Ibrar Iqbal ◽  
Tianyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Geothermal Resource ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Transient Electromagnetic ◽  
Resistivity Model

Abstract Geothermal energy is an important renewable clean energy resource with high development and usage potential. Geothermal resources, on the other hand, are buried deep below, and mining hazards are significant. Geophysical investigation is frequently required to determine the depth and location of geothermal resources. The Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) and the Controlled Source Audio Frequency Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) have the highest detection efficiency and accuracy of all electromagnetic exploration methods. This article initially explains the algorithm theory of the finite difference technique before establishing a simplified geothermal system resistivity model. Established on the simplified resistivity model, a simulation analysis of the ability of CSAMT and TEM to distinguish target body faults at different resistivities and dip angles was performed, and the effectiveness and difference of the two methods in detecting typical geothermal resource targets was verified. A complete exploratory research of CSAMT and TEM was conducted in Huairen County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province, China, based on theoretical analysis. Both approaches can reflect the geoelectric structure of the survey region, demonstrating the efficacy of the two methods in detecting genuine geothermal resources.

scholarly journals Coal-Key Energy Resource for the Future in Kenya? A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Dorcas Wambui Kariuki ◽  
John Muna Kuria
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Coal Reserves ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Coal has been a major contributor to energy security in many developed countries and is projected to continue contributing a significant fraction of global energy demand in the foreseeable future. Although coal power generation has been associated with numerous environmental implications, technological advances in the mining sector have enabled the mining of coal with minimal environmental impacts, especially in major coal-producing countries. In Kenya where inadequate energy supply is a major deterrent to economic growth, the discovery of coal reserves in the country presents a suitable opportunity for the country to address its energy security challenges. The challenge is how the exploitation of this resource can be done sustainably. This article explores the potential for sustainable coal mining in Kenya to address energy security challenges in the country. However, as it will be discussed in the paper, sustainable coal mining is often met with many challenges which include lack of finances, lack of technology, poor conditions of the physical environment, and unsupportive laws and regulations. Therefore, the article concludes that there are adequate ways and technologies that can be adapted in Kenya for sustainable coal mining. However, the decision as to whether coal mining should be embraced in the country should put into consideration the amount and nature of available coal reserves, availability of finances, availability of technologies, physical environmental conditions and the associated laws and regulations.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy based Green Power Generation for Rural Electrification

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3904-3911
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Matlab Simulink

A major challenge for developing countries is access to electricity in rural area for accelerating its growth. There are significant impediment from the utilities to extend either improved service to the rural user or provide extended hours of supply through conventional grid supply. In developing countries, the most significant challenges are technologies used to upgrade and methods for electrification, which results in poor reliability of supply and high distribution losses, leading to hindering both economic and social development, so energy planners have suggested a hybrid energy system for the electrification of rural areas. This study investigates green energy based integrated generation for rural loads. This proposed system can orchestrate with the grid as well as with the renewable energy-based generator. The wind energy has a natural variance, to satisfy the energy demand during the nocturnal and overcast period a complementary renewable energy generator is critical, or an energy storage mechanism is needed to meet the energy demand. This type of pooled exploitation and interconnection is used to improve the reliability and resilience of the grids. The integration of distributed and clean energy resource like wind generation will reduce fossil fuel emissions and provides electricity in areas which are limitedly served by unified electrical infrastructure. Hence, it is expected to develop/modify technologies available for harnessing renewable energy sources. A MATLAB/Simulink is used to build a model for a grid-wind based integrated generation. Results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink are a close match with a practical system.

scholarly journals Hot dry rock geothermal resource potential in the Wudalianchi volcanic field, NE CHINA: Implications from geophysical exploration

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 663-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Shengtao ◽  
Xu Tianfu ◽  
Zhang Senqi ◽  
Jia Xiaofeng ◽  
Tian Puyuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clean Energy ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Ambient Noise Tomography ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Hot Dry Rock ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Power Project ◽  
Development Prospects

Hot dry rock is regarded as the clean energy of the future and is an important part of geothermal resources, with great research value and development prospects. The Weishan volcano, located in the northern part of the Wudalianchi volcanic group, was formed in the Pleistocene, and its age is only (0.57–0.31) ± 0.05 Ma. This area has a geothermal setting similar to but a younger age than that of the Fenton Hill volcano (formed 1.40–1.10 Ma) where a hot dry rock power project has operated since 1973. In this study, we used ambient noise tomography and magnetotelluric sounding methods to investigate deep heat sources beneath the Weishan volcano. The results show good geothermal conditions for hot dry rock formation in this region. A cooling magma chamber that might be the hot dry rock heat source is indicated in the upper crust at 6.5–13 km depth, with a volume of ∼200 km3. Our study suggests that the monzonitic granites of the Indosinian Xiaohongshan unit, which lies beneath the Late Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation and the Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Beikuanhe Formation, should be the main target for further hot dry rock geothermal energy exploration and development.

scholarly journals Security of Energy Supply for European Union and Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuran Belet
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Supply Security

The fact that global economies are growing rapidly, unequal geographical distribution of energy resources and the fact that no renewable energy resource can compete with oil and natural gas at least in the near future strengthens the energy subject. In this regard, energy demands of the developed countries and the world intensifies on the energy resources of Eurasia Region, especially Caspian Region. The main factor of the energy demand isn't the supply of energy for the least possible cost but the transfer of the needed energy via secure gas pipes so that the national economies can continue producing. Russia is the most important supplier of natural gas for European countries. Eurasian regian and the Caspian Basin countries have become strategic actors in the energy market because of their rich natural gas reserves. Russia's cutting off natural gas to Europe across Ukraine upon the crisis with this country has caused a deep concern. European Union wishes to support security projects for supply synchronically of different countries into which Ukraine and Belarus -those it uses as transit for gas transfer- aren't included because of political and economical reasons to meet its energy demand. In this respect, Turkey plays a key role in supplying energy from this region to minimize the risks of energy supply security. Turkey is located in the center of a geopolitical region which produces oil and natural gas. But it can't make use of its potential. Turkey has to create opportunities to play an active role in various energy projects and pipeline routes. This is an analysis of TANAP project's impacts on European Union's energy supply security, Azerbaijan, Turkey and other countries of the region.

Direct ammonia fueled solid oxide fuel cells: A comprehensive review on challenges, opportunities and future outlooks

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Asmare ◽  
Mustafa Ilbas
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Green Fuel

Nowadays, the most decisive challenges we are fronting are perfectly clean energy making for equitable and sustainable modern energy access, and battling the emerging alteration of the climate. This is because, carbon-rich fuels are the fundamental supply of utilized energy for strengthening human society, and it will be sustained in the near future. In connection with this, electrochemical technologies are an emerging and domineering tool for efficiently transforming the existing scarce fossil fuels and renewable energy sources into electric power with a trivial environmental impact. Compared with conventional power generation technologies, SOFC that operate at high temperature is emerging as a frontrunner to convert the fuels chemical energy into electric power and permits the deployment of varieties of fuels with negligible ecological destructions. According to this critical review, direct ammonia is obtained as a primary possible choice and price-effective green fuel for T-SOFCs. This is because T-SOFCs have higher volumetric power density, mechanically stable, and high thermal shocking resistance. Also, there is no sealing issue problem which is the chronic issues of the planar one. As a result, the toxicity of ammonia to use as a fuel is minimized if there may be a leakage during operation. It is portable and manageable that can be work everywhere when there is energy demand. Besides, manufacturing, onboard hydrogen deposition, and transportation infrastructure connected snags of hydrogen will be solved using ammonia. Ammonia is a low-priced carbon-neutral source of energy and has more stored volumetric energy compared with hydrogen. Yet, to utilize direct NH3 as a means of hydrogen carrier and an alternative green fuel in T-SOFCs practically determining the optimum operating temperatures, reactant flow rates, electrode porosities, pressure, the position of the anode, thickness and diameters of the tube are still requiring further improvement. Therefore, mathematical modeling ought to be developed to determine these parameters before planning for experimental work. Also, a performance comparison of AS, ES, and CS- T-SOFC powered with direct NH3 will be investigated and best-performed support will be carefully chosen for practical implementation and an experimental study will be conducted for verification based on optimum parameter values obtained from numerical modeling.

An Overview of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Interconnection: Current Practices and Emerging Solutions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey A Horowitz ◽  
Zachary Peterson ◽  
Michael H Coddington ◽  
Fei Ding ◽  
Benjamin O Sigrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Resource ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Distributed Energy Resource ◽  
Current Practices

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities: Did This Principle Ever Exist?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Armin Rosencranz ◽  
Kanika Jamwal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Clean Development Mechanism ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Historical Responsibility ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities ◽  
Self Differentiation

This article argues that the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’s conception of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDRRC) was never effectively implemented through the Kyoto Protocol. The investments under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism suggest that CBDRRC has been used by developed countries to buy a “right to pollute”, i.e., maintaining or even increasing their greenhouse gas emissions, while investing in clean energy in developing nations, thus defeating the essence of CBDRRC as intended under the UNFCCC. Second, it points out that the Paris Agreement reflects a significant shift in the CBDRRC, both in terms of its textual understanding as well as its implementation. A qualifier, “in the light of national circumstances”, was added to the principle of CBDRRC in the Paris Agreement, allowing a form of voluntary self-differentiation. This qualifier diluted a top-down, objective analysis of States’ commitments. For several scholars, this shift has meant a softening of the principle, making the “differentiation” more dynamic and flexible. In the authors’ opinion, the qualifier is a fundamental modification of the principle to make it politically more palatable. It completely disregards the notion of historical responsibility for climate change, which was the cornerstone of CBDRRC as conceived under the UNFCCC. Therefore, rather than presenting a more flexible understanding of UNFCCC’s conception of CBDRRC, the Paris Agreement marks a total departure from it. Lacking an explicit redefinition of the principle of CBDRRC, it is misleading to contend that the Paris Agreement is still anchored in it.

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