scholarly journals Coal-Key Energy Resource for the Future in Kenya? A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Dorcas Wambui Kariuki ◽  
John Muna Kuria
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Coal Reserves ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Coal has been a major contributor to energy security in many developed countries and is projected to continue contributing a significant fraction of global energy demand in the foreseeable future. Although coal power generation has been associated with numerous environmental implications, technological advances in the mining sector have enabled the mining of coal with minimal environmental impacts, especially in major coal-producing countries. In Kenya where inadequate energy supply is a major deterrent to economic growth, the discovery of coal reserves in the country presents a suitable opportunity for the country to address its energy security challenges. The challenge is how the exploitation of this resource can be done sustainably. This article explores the potential for sustainable coal mining in Kenya to address energy security challenges in the country. However, as it will be discussed in the paper, sustainable coal mining is often met with many challenges which include lack of finances, lack of technology, poor conditions of the physical environment, and unsupportive laws and regulations. Therefore, the article concludes that there are adequate ways and technologies that can be adapted in Kenya for sustainable coal mining. However, the decision as to whether coal mining should be embraced in the country should put into consideration the amount and nature of available coal reserves, availability of finances, availability of technologies, physical environmental conditions and the associated laws and regulations.

Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Economic and Resource Security, Ch.25 Energy Security in International Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgandi Tibisay ◽  
Viñuales Jorge E
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Legal Frameworks

This chapter investigates the concept of ‘energy security’, understood as the ‘uninterrupted availability of energy resources at an affordable price’. Importantly, according to this definition, the ‘availability’ of energy resources is measured against existing energy demand, and threats to energy security are therefore threats to the supply of enough energy to meet existing energy demand. Energy supply depends upon both domestic and international factors which are so interconnected that it is difficult to distinguish where one starts and the other ends. What is clear, however, is that international law plays a fundamental role in addressing many threats to energy security. The chapter looks at existing threats to energy security and the international legal frameworks that have been established in response. The challenges to energy security include an exponential increase in world energy demand, shortages of national oil and gas deposits, the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel production in order to counteract climate change, as well as risks of geopolitical instability. The chapter then focuses on the mechanisms aimed to ensure that the flow of energy remains uninterrupted and at an affordable price, as well as on those mechanisms aimed at increasing access to energy resources.

Representative meat consumption pathways for sub-Saharan Africa and their local and global energy and environmental implications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Falchetta ◽  
Nicolò Golinucci ◽  
Michel Noussan
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan

<p>In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) most people live on plant-dominated diets, with significantly lower levels of per-capita meat consumption than in any other region. Yet, economic development has nearly everywhere spurred a shift to dietary regimes with a greater consumption of meat, albeit with regional heterogeneity for meat-type and magnitude. A growing regional economy, changing cultural attitudes, and a steeply increasing population could thus push the regional demand upward in the coming decades, with significant depletion of regional and global natural resources and environmental repercussions. We study the historical association of the four main meat types with demand drivers in recently developed countries via seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) equation systems. Using the calibrated coefficients, trajectories of meat consumption in SSA to 2050 are projected relying on the SSP scenarios over GDP and population growth. Then, using a Leontiefian environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) framework exploiting the EXIOBASE3 database, we estimate the related energy, land, and water requirements, and the implied greenhouse gas (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions. We calculate that if production to meet those consumption levels takes place in the continent – compared to the current situation – global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions would grow by 230 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>e (4.4% of today’s global agriculture-related emissions), the land required for cropping and grazing would require additional 4.2 · 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (more than half of the total arable land in SSA), total blue water consumption would rise by 10,300 Mm<sup>3</sup> (0.89% of the global total), and additional 1.2 EJ of energy (6% of today’s total primary energy demand in the region) would be required. Alternative scenarios where SSA is a net importer of final meat products are reported for comparison. The local policy and attitudes towards farming practices and dietary choices will have significant impact on both the regional environment and global GHG emissions.</p>

The Development Prospects and Recommendations of China's Hot Dry Rock Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 842-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Tong Zhou ◽  
Zhi Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Hot Dry Rock ◽  
Distributed Energy Resource ◽  
Human Energy

With the continuous growth of human energy demand, a large number of people around the world increasingly concern about the exploitation of traditional fossil energy will face resource depletion and environmental pollution, scientists from various countries have been constantly exploring, trying to find renewable and non-contamination of clean energy. As a special geothermal resources, hot dry rock have attracted attention of many countries abroad as early as the 1980s and 1990s, which successfully constructed experimental hot dry rock power generation stations. In the situation of worlds traditional energy resources are much more costly and hard to develop, the hot dry rock, a widely distributed energy resource in China, we have the ability and need to be developed and utilized of it. This article describes the Chinese potential amount of hot dry rock resources and preferred areas of mining development, as well as developed countries hot dry rock technology research status and experiences, which can make some comments on the actual exploration and exploitation in China.

scholarly journals Household Electricity Generation as a Way of Energy Independence of States—Social Context of Energy Management

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3407
Author(s):  
Shahin Bayramov ◽  
Iurii Prokazov ◽  
Sergey Kondrashev ◽  
Jan Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Energy Independence

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of influence of alternative options for generating electricity by households on the level of energy independence of countries. The research methodology was based on the use of correlation–regression analysis, as well as adapted non-linear optimization by choosing one of three scenarios for electricity generation by households for 20 countries. Regression analysis showed the dependence of a country’s energy security on households’ energy independence. It is determined that an increase in households’ energy production helps to reduce the level of energy dependence in developed countries. However, for developing countries, there is no such interrelation. The solution of the formulated problem of nonlinear optimization for the studied countries has demonstrated that the criterion of energy dependence is superior to the criterion of a country’s energy security. In the long term, this study can be deepened in the direction of assessing the effectiveness of household investment in electricity generation projects. The proposed results can be used by responsible persons in the field of economy and energy in order to determine the position of various policies, and use strategic levers and indicators that ensure an effective response to energy security challenges in the regional and global markets.

scholarly journals Security of Energy Supply for European Union and Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuran Belet
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Supply Security

The fact that global economies are growing rapidly, unequal geographical distribution of energy resources and the fact that no renewable energy resource can compete with oil and natural gas at least in the near future strengthens the energy subject. In this regard, energy demands of the developed countries and the world intensifies on the energy resources of Eurasia Region, especially Caspian Region. The main factor of the energy demand isn't the supply of energy for the least possible cost but the transfer of the needed energy via secure gas pipes so that the national economies can continue producing. Russia is the most important supplier of natural gas for European countries. Eurasian regian and the Caspian Basin countries have become strategic actors in the energy market because of their rich natural gas reserves. Russia's cutting off natural gas to Europe across Ukraine upon the crisis with this country has caused a deep concern. European Union wishes to support security projects for supply synchronically of different countries into which Ukraine and Belarus -those it uses as transit for gas transfer- aren't included because of political and economical reasons to meet its energy demand. In this respect, Turkey plays a key role in supplying energy from this region to minimize the risks of energy supply security. Turkey is located in the center of a geopolitical region which produces oil and natural gas. But it can't make use of its potential. Turkey has to create opportunities to play an active role in various energy projects and pipeline routes. This is an analysis of TANAP project's impacts on European Union's energy supply security, Azerbaijan, Turkey and other countries of the region.

A summary of beach nourishment in China: The past decade of practices

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Gen Liu ◽  
Feng Cai ◽  
Hongshuai Qi ◽  
Jianhui Liu ◽  
Gang Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beach Nourishment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Design ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Urban Beaches

Beach nourishment has been widely used for beach protection around the world. However, there is limited information about beach nourishment in China. This study offers an overview of beach nourishment practices, status and technological advances in China, based on the literature, reports, and personal communications. The results demonstrate that beach nourishment has been recognized as an effective and environmentally friendly measure to combat coastal erosion and has been increasingly adopted in China, especially in the past decade. The unique characteristics of coastal China resulted in a difference in beach nourishment between China and Western developed countries in terms of the types, objectives, and shapes of beach nourishment. For the types of nourishments in China, there were approximately the same number of restored beaches and newly constructed beaches. For fill sediment, homogeneous fill and heterogeneous fill comprised 51.1% and 48.9% of projects, respectively. The objective of beach nourishment was mainly to promote coastal tourism, and the shape of nourished beaches was dominated by headland bays. This study also indicated that China has achieved a number of technological advances in beach nourishment, including methods of beach nourishment on severely eroded coasts and muddy coasts, an optimized design of drain pipes involved in urban beaches, and ecological design considerations. From the past decade of practices, four aspects were proposed as considerations for future nourishment: sand sources, technique advances, ecological effects, and management of beach nourishments.

THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION’S APPROACH TO ENERGY SECURITY IN POLAND AND THE BALTIC STATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1/2020) ◽  
pp. 33-67
Author(s):  
Olga Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Baltic

The subject of this paper encompasses US policy towards Poland and the Baltic States regarding energy security during Donald Trump’s presidency. It is discernible that vast domestic energy resources have created an opportunity for the US to project more power to these countries, and the surrounding region. We argue that Trump and his administration’s perceptions have served as an intervening variable in that opportunity assessment, in accordance with the neoclassical realist theory. The main research question addressed in this paper is whether US has used that opportunity to contribute to energy security in countries it has traditionally deemed as allies. Two aspects of US approach to energy security of the designated countries are taken into consideration: liquified natural gas exports and support for the Three Seas Initiative. The way Trump presented his policy and its results in his public statements has also been considered in this paper. The article will proceed as follows. The first subsection of the paper represents a summary of energy security challenges in Poland and the Baltic States. The second subsection is dedicated to the opportunity for the US to project energy power and to Trump’s perceptions relevant for the opportunity assessment. The third subsection deals with American LNG exports to these countries as a possible way for contributing to energy security in Poland and the Baltic States. The last part of the paper addresses the Three Seas Initiative and US approach to this platform.

scholarly journals Distributed Energy-Resource Design Method to Improve Energy Security in Critical Facilities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2773
Author(s):  
Petros Siritoglou ◽  
Giovanna Oriti ◽  
Douglas L. Van Bossuyt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Distributed Energy Resource ◽  
Critical Facilities ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf ◽  
User Friendly

This paper presents a user-friendly design method for accurately sizing the distributed energy resources of a stand-alone microgrid to meet the critical load demands of a military, commercial, industrial, or residential facility when utility power is not available. The microgrid combines renewable resources such as photovoltaics (PV) with an energy-storage system to increase energy security for facilities with critical loads. The design method’s novelty complies with IEEE Standards 1562 and 1013, and addresses resilience, which is not taken into account in existing design methods. Several case studies simulated with a physics-based model validate the proposed design method and demonstrate how resilience can be included in the design process. Additionally, the design and the simulations were validated by 24 h laboratory experiments conducted on a microgrid assembled using commercial off-the-shelf components.

scholarly journals Influence of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources on the Level of Energy Security in EECCA Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Trifonov ◽  
Dmitry Trukhan ◽  
Yury Koshlich ◽  
Valeriy Prasolov ◽  
Beata Ślusarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Structural Content ◽  
High Degree

In this study we aimed to determine the extent to which changes in the share of renewable energy sources, their structural complex, and the level of energy security in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) countries in the medium- and long-term are interconnected. The study was performed through modeling and determination of the structural characteristics of energy security in the countries. The methodology of the approach to modeling was based on solving the problem of nonlinear optimization by selecting a certain scenario. For the study, the data of EECCA countries were used. The ability of EECCA countries to benefit from long-term indirect and induced advantages of the transformation period depends on the extent to which their domestic supply chains facilitate the deployment of energy transformation and induced economic activity. This study provides an opportunity to assess the degree of influence of renewable energy sources on the level of energy security of countries in the context of energy resource diversification. The high degree of influence of renewable energy sources on energy security in the EECCA countries has been proven in the implementation of the developed scenarios for its increase. Energy security is growing. At the same time, its level depends not only on an increase in the share of renewable sources but also on the structure of energy resources complex of countries, and the development of various renewable energy sources. Therefore, today the EECCA countries are forced not only to increase the share of renewable energy sources but also to attach strategic importance to the structural content of their energy complex.

scholarly journals Optimization of Costs and Self-Sufficiency for Roof Integrated Photovoltaic Technologies on Residential Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4018
Author(s):  
Guglielmina Mutani ◽  
Valeria Todeschi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The South ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Photovoltaic Technologies

It is common practice, in the production of photovoltaic energy to only use the south-exposed roof surface of a building, in order to achieve the maximum production of solar energy while lowering the costs of the energy and the solar technologies. However, using the south-exposed surface of a roof only allows a small quota of the energy demand to be covered. Roof surfaces oriented in other directions could also be used to better cover the energy load profile. The aim of this work is to investigate the benefits, in terms of costs, self-sufficiency and self-consumption, of roof integrated photovoltaic technologies on residential buildings with different orientations. A cost-optimal analysis has been carried out taking into account the economic incentives for a collective self-consumer configuration. It has emerged, from this analysis, that the better the orientation is, the higher the energy security and the lower the energy costs and those for the installation of photovoltaic technologies. In general, the use of south-facing and north-facing roof surfaces for solar energy production has both economic and energy benefits. The self-sufficiency index can on average be increased by 8.5% through the use of photovoltaic installations in two directions on gable roofs, and the maximum level that can be achieved was on average 41.8, 41.5 and 35.7% for small, medium and large condominiums, respectively. Therefore, it could be convenient to exploit all the potential orientations of photovoltaic panels in cities to improve energy security and to provide significant economic benefits for the residential users.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document