The Internal Innovation Processes in Kazakhstan

To evaluate the internal innovation processes in Kazakhstan, the paper involves two pieces of empirical research. In the first piece, the main drivers of innovation performance are identified based on regression analysis. The literature suggests three factors affecting innovation activities of firms, namely foreign direct investments, research and development investments, and international trade. In order to test this theoretical framework, a probit regression analysis is carried on to estimate the determinants of innovation performance in Kazakhstan. The chapter makes use of firm level data from the Kazakhstan Enterprise Survey 2009, conducted by The World Bank. The results are supplemented by descriptive analysis. The second piece deals with the examination of multi-level relationships between business organizations and innovation. The literature distinguishes between two modes of learning and innovation, based on the distinction between implicit and explicit knowledge. Promotion of R&D and codification of innovation process are the main features of the Science, Technology, and Innovation mode of innovation. On the other hand, the Doing, Using, and Interacting mode of innovation is based on learning by doing. In order to discern which of these is the main innovation mode adopted by firms within the EKMC, a survey was conducted among them in the period from November 2011 to January 2012.

The Effect of Geographical Factors on State Policies and Economy

This study emphasizes environmental, especially spatial and geographical factors and determining and conditioning effects of economical and political behaviors of states. Natural values, location and geography determine policies and economic welfare of states. Various geographic characteristics and climates determine potential power of states. States, that have natural wealth and using will of this wealth, create economical and then political power. The main goal of this study is to analyze the concept of location and relation between power and its components.

Women's Entrepreneurship in Turkey Compared to the World

In recent years, it is strategically important for developing economies that women contribute into working areas and entrepreneurship activities because the way to create new job areas and activate unused potential in business is attached to encouragement of the women entrepreneurship. Giving priority to the policies and strategies that help women exist in business contributes to the economic and social development significantly. However, women encounter important obstacles within the entrepreneurship activities.Entrepreneurship has been speeding up in today’s world and this project aims at comparing the women entrepreneurship between Turkey and the world, the obstacles women come across in entrepreneurship and the opportunities created by women in theoretical framework.

Strike is a Fundamental Right for Workers

Strike is a temporary action for a mass refusal of employees to work in order to ensure that their demands are met. It is called “Strike” in English (which means to break, to burn, to attack) because the first strike events occurred in England as which involved breaking the machines using brake blocks. Workers used to show their reactions towards their employer as by breaking the machines. The same phenomenon existed also in France. Workers in France used to leave their working places all together and go to the Greve area next to River Seine and seek solution to their problems in the cafes. This is how the concept of going on strike, Aller à la Grève (in French), was adopted by Turkish. Strike is a right for workers. It is to leave a workplace unanimously. It is not considered a reason for annulment of employment contract. It is legal and aims to ameliorate the working conditions. Workers should possess the same conditions as their employer in order to determine working conditions by their own free will. Although the employer seems to possess a stronger position as he/she owns the workplace, the workers may possess the same rights as their employers by becoming members of a trade union. When the workers and the employer are unable to reach an agreement on the working conditions, all the workers leave their workplace and go on strike. They partially or completely hamper the activities of the employer. During the strike the workers do not receive their salaries.

Analysis of Capital Flight in Developing Countries: A Study on Turkey between 1980 and 2010

The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between Capital flight and some macroeconomic variables by using anual data between 1980 and 2010 in Turkey. Capital flight measured by World Bank (1985) method, was used as dependent variable and external debt, foreign direct investment, uncertainty, real GDP growth, exchange rates, trade balance and consumer price index were used as independent variables. Ordinary Least squares estimation method, Johansen-Jeselius cointegration test, Granger causality test and variance decomposition results produced by VEC model were used in the study. After those econometrics and economics analysis, this paper put forward that there is a long run relationship between some macroeconomic variables and capital flight.The results show external debt, foreign direct investment inflows, and foreign reserves to be the major effector of capital flight.

The Relationship between Public Expenditure and Bureaucratic Quality: The Case of Eurasian Economies

One of the controversial issues among researchers in the field of public finance is estimating the determinants of public expenditures. It’s argued that public expenditure is determined by economic as well as demographic, social and political variables. One of the important element of political variables is bureaucracy. If bureaucracy, as one of the main actors of political decision making process, works in quality, effectiveness and efficiency would occur in publicly provided goods and services. In parallel with the good quality of bureaucracy, the size of state would become smaller. The purpose of this study is to test empirically between efficient bureaucracy and public expenditure, using dynamic panel data analysis of 6 Eurasian Economic Community countries from 1998 to 2011. This study finds evidence that existence of bureaucratic quality reduces the public expenditures.

Transboundary Environmental Damages in the Black Sea Basin and Regional Liability Regime

The Black Sea is a significant basin where transboundary environmental damage activities take place. The environmental problems in the Black Sea are not only on the agenda of six Black Sea littorals, but also the states in the wider Black Sea basin. The large scales of strategic, economical and political problems in the region require entrepreneurship and co operations of the other states on the same platform. This study has two main environmental security dimensions: One of them is identifying the damages and opponents; the other one is the security problem in transboundary environment and the responsibilities of the Black Sea states. In this regard, this study aims to initiate a conversation in precautions against transboundary environmental damages considering the current security risks.

Renewal Process Approach to Companies Effects of Exports

In this study, it has been discussed that whether the results of the reengineering is limited and remarkable or not. In this respect, it has been questioned whether there is a significant increase in the amount of exports of a furniture company before and after carrying out the reengineering project. It has been follow-up the same six-month periods of company's situation and the export amount before and after the reengineering project. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was applied on the data obtained. It has been concluded that reengineering was an important tool not only in increasing the amount of the production but also increase the amount of exports and profitability dramatically.

EU Debt Crisis and Contagious Effect via Transmission Mechanisms: Possible Effects on Turkey

The common features of the crises, which are resulted from global crisis rooted from the US and emerged in Euro Zone sequentially, are the rate of public debt and budget deficit of GNP far from reflecting Maastricht criteria. Beginning in Greece in 2009, it has been seen in Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain in a recent time. Although money union is established, leaving financial policies to country’s own initiative resulted in unsolved problems. Seeking solutions with IMF led to some sustainability programs. However, expectations show that debts will not be overcome for a long period. Towards this end, it is possible for Turkey to be affected since European Union is her biggest trade partner. There is a general consensus on that trade and credit channel of transmission mechanisms would affect Turkey. Export preserves its level at 55%. Likewise, a large part of foreign debt of Turkey is to European banks. Furthermore, sustainment of the recent growth trend of Turkey requires new funds. In case European banks strengthen their capital by means of downsizing their balance sheets as a restructuring, Turkey may be in a challenging position.

Arbitration Rules in Turkish Legal System

International companies, with the countries having the relations of commerce and investment, would refer to go to arbitrators, which is completely based upon their free will, to remove or minimise the risks in their own legal systems, to provide the disputes resolve fast and effective way, during the resolution of disputes. Also in our country, to provide the improvement of the international commerce and to promote investment of foreign and local corporation, according to the national and international arbitration legal regulations are made and international agreements are signed by taking notice of the international arbitration rules. Under the title of this, Turkish legal system of the arbitration rules will be researched in details.