Top Spray Fluidized Bed Granulated Paddy Urea Fertilizer

2014 ◽  
Vol 606 ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivarao Subramonian ◽  
Md Radzai bin Said ◽  
Omar Rostam ◽  
Mohd Zani Hafiz ◽  
Luqman Hakim Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Dynamic Correlation ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Urea Granules

Top spray granulation process is a common technique used widely in pharmaceutical, food and special chemical modification for fertilizer manufacturing. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of studies regarding to the description of controlled parameters with dynamic correlation in targeting to produce urea granules. Thus, this research was carried out to introduce the crucial applied process parameters using top spray technique for paddy urea fertilizer production.The acquisition process parameter readings were verified by obtained yield of urea granules (UG) which featured as an optimum particle diameter size from 2 mm to 6 mm with reasonable hardness (crush strength) in range 2.0 kg/granule to 4.0 kg/granule, these criteria were required as a slow - release mechanism during soil adsorption interaction in paddy field to reduce amount of fertilizer consumption. Three significant parameters have been selected namely as air inlet temperature, the viscosity of binder solution and rate of top spraying from starch liquid binder to generate greater UG size from wet granulation interaction with smooth coalescence and consolidation growth . The data classification was screened by One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) 101 method and supported by 2 levels and 3 factors (23 ) of full factorial design for clear description to vindicate the critical parameter required during urea granulation using fluidized bed granulator corresponds to low energy consumption and economical process. The obtained parameter readings and findings of UG features were useful to be applied further for detail investigation on next stage regarding to agglomeration profile and mechanism using CCD camera and PDA monitoring devices.

scholarly journals Microencapsulation ofβ-Carotene by Spray Drying: Effect of Wall Material Concentration and Drying Inlet Temperature

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz C. Corrêa-Filho ◽  
Maria M. Lourenço ◽  
Margarida Moldão-Martins ◽  
Vítor D. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Arabic Gum ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments found mainly in fruits and vegetables. Among them,β-carotene is regarded the most potent precursor of vitamin A. However, it is susceptible to oxidation upon exposure to oxygen, light, and heat, which can result in loss of colour, antioxidant activity, and vitamin activity. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the microencapsulation process ofβ-carotene by spray drying, using arabic gum as wall material, to protect it against adverse environmental conditions. This was carried out using the response surface methodology coupled to a central composite rotatable design, evaluating simultaneously the effect of drying air inlet temperature (110-200°C) and the wall material concentration (5-35%) on the drying yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and antioxidant activity. In addition, morphology and particles size distribution were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy images have shown that the particles were microcapsules with a smooth surface when produced at the higher drying temperatures tested, most of them having a diameter lower than 10μm. The conditions that enabled obtaining simultaneously arabic gum microparticles with higherβ-carotene content, higher encapsulation efficiency, and higher drying yield were a wall material concentration of 11.9% and a drying inlet temperature of 173°C. The systematic approach used for the study ofβ-carotene microencapsulation process by spray drying using arabic gum may be easily applied for other core and wall materials.

Rough Air-Soft Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

2013 ◽  
Vol 420 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Khanittha Wongseedakaew ◽  
Jesda Panichakorn
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Contact Region ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Multilevel Methods ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Film Pressure ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Air Film

This paper presents the effects of rough surface air-soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of rollers for soft material under the effect of air molecular slip. The time independent modified Reynolds equation and elasticity equation were solved numerically using finite different method, Newton-Raphson method and multigrid multilevel methods were used to obtain the film pressure profiles and film thickness in the contact region. The effects of amplitude of surface roughness, modulus of elasticity and air inlet temperature are examined. The simulation results showed surface roughness has effect on film thickness but it little effect to air film pressure. When the amplitude of surface roughness and modulus of elasticity increased, the air film thickness decreased but air film pressure increased. However, the air inlet temperature increased when the air film thickness increased.

scholarly journals Characteristics of a Non-Premixed Rotating Detonation Combustor Using Natural Gas-Hydrogen Blend at Elevated Air-Preheat Temperature and Backpressure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnab Roy ◽  
Donald Ferguson ◽  
Todd Sidwell ◽  
Peter Strakey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Detonation Wave ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Continuous Detonation ◽  
Rotating Detonation

Operational characteristics of an air breathing Rotating Detonation Combustor (RDC) fueled by natural gas-hydrogen blends are discussed in this paper. Experiments were performed on a 152 mm diameter uncooled RDC with a combustor to inlet area ratio of 0.2 at elevated inlet temperature and combustor pressure while varying the fuel split between natural gas and hydrogen over a range of equivalence ratios. Experimental data from short-duration (∼6sec) tests are presented with an emphasis on identifying detonability limits and exploring detonation stability with the addition of natural gas. Although the nominal combustor used in this experiment was not specifically designed for natural gas-air mixtures, significant advances in understanding conditions necessary for sustaining a stable, continuous detonation wave in a natural gas-hydrogen blended fuel were achieved. Data from the experimental study suggests that at elevated combustor pressures (2–3bar), only a small amount of natural gas added to the hydrogen is needed to alter the detonation wave operational mode. Additional observations indicate that an increase in air inlet temperature (up to 204°C) at atmospheric conditions significantly affects RDC performance by increasing deflagration losses through an increase in the number of combustion (detonation/Deflagration) regions present in the combustor. At higher backpressure levels the RDC exhibited the ability to achieve stable detonation with increasing concentrations of natural gas (with natural gas / hydrogen-air blend). However, losses tend to increase at intermediate air preheat levels (∼120°C). It was observed that combustor pressure had a first order influence on RDC stability in the presence of natural gas. Combining the results from this limited experimental study with our theoretical understanding of detonation wave fundamentals provides a pathway for developing an advanced combustor capable of replacing conventional constant pressure combustors typical of most power generation processes with one that produces a pressure gain.

The Pressure Drop at Critical Fluidization of Large Particles in Vibrated Fluidization Bed

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2763-2766
Author(s):  
Xue Jun Zhu ◽  
Jun Deng
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Large Particle ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Vibration Strength ◽  
Bed Height ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Vibrated Fluidized Bed ◽  
Critical Fluidization

The pressure drop at critical fluidization for two-dimensional vibrated fluidized bed(240 mm×80 mm) was studied, with large particle glass beads of average diameters dp of 1.8mm, 2.5mm and 3.2mm.The effect of the vibration strength, the static bed height and the particle diameter on the pressure drop was analyzed. The results of the study show that the pressure drop decreases with the increase of the vibration strength. It plays an even more prominent part with decreases of the static bed height and the particle diameter. The empirical correlation equations to predict the pressure drop was established, and the results of the prediction was compared with the experimental data, the error is in range of ±10%. The results can provide references for future design and research on the vibrated fluidized bed.

Optimization for Powder Yield of Spray-Dried Garlic Extract Powder Using Box-Behnken Experimental Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 859 ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Nattakanwadee Khumpirapang ◽  
Supreeya Srituptim ◽  
Worawut Kriangkrai
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Liquid Feed

Garlic exerts its pharmacological activities; antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemia, antihypercholesterolemic, and antihypertensive activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine and optimize the influence of the individual and interactive effect of process conditions variables on the yield of garlic extract powders by three factors and three level-Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology. Spray drying processes the transformation of a garlic juice extract into a dried powder, where usually maltodextrin (MD) as a drying agent is used. According to experimental design, the mixing of garlic juice extract (85 – 95 %w/w) and MD (5 – 15 %w/w) were dried at an air inlet temperature 110°C - 150°C and liquid feed flow rate 5 – 35 rpm. The optimum spray-drying process conditions which maximized the yield of garlic extract powder (31%w/w) were found as follows: air inlet temperature of 150°C, the liquid feed flow rate of 16 rpm, and 5 %w/w MD. The experimental values slightly closed to the corresponding predicted values. Hence, the developed model was adequate and possible to use.

scholarly journals Development and Optimization of Gastro-Retentive Formulation of Hydralazine HCl

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Acharya ◽  
Rakesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Fickian Diffusion ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Floating Tablets ◽  
Hydralazine Hydrochloride ◽  
Predicted Values

Hydralazine hydrochloride has a half-life of 2 to 4 hours with an oral bioavailability of 26-50%. Since hydralazine has a demethylating effect on various suppressor genes, it can be used in various types of cancer to support chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to optimize and evaluate floating tablets of hydralazine hydrochloride designed to prolong the gastric residence time and to provide controlled release of the drug for 24 h. The floating tablets of hydralazine hydrochloride were prepared by the wet granulation method. Polymers of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M), HPMC K15M, carbopol 940 and sodium bicarbonate were used as the release retarding agents. This study investigated utility of a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design and optimization process for floating tablet of Hydralazine with 5 replicates of center points. Amount of HPMC K4 (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl cellulose), amount of sodium bicarbonate were selected as the independent variables whereas total floating time (TFT), T90, % cumulative drug release at 24 hours, and T20, Q1 were selected as dependent variables. Non-Fickian diffusion release transport was confirmed as the release mechanism for the optimized formulation and the predicted values agreed well with the experimental values. Drug excipient compatibility studies were investigated by FTIR, DSC and XRD. The produced tablets exhibited good floating time and controlled drug release over a period of 24 h. The resultant data were critically analyzed to locate the composition of optimum formulations. All predicted values of response variables of optimized formulation demonstrated close agreement with the experimental data during optimization procedure.

scholarly journals Comparison of Various Fluidized Bed Combustor-Gas Turbine Systems

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur P. Fraas
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Helium Gas ◽  
Steam Plant ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustor

Pressurizing a fluidized bed combustor with a gas turbine greatly improves both sulfur retention and combustion efficiency. Operating the gas turbine with a high inlet temperature (e.g. 900°C) would yield a thermal efficiency about four points higher than for an atmospheric furnace, but 40 y of experience have failed to solve problems with flyash erosion and deposits. Extensive experience such as that with fluidized bed catalytic cracking units indicates that the gas turbine blade erosion and deposit problems can be handled by dropping the turbine inlet temperature below 400°C where the turbine delivers just enough power to drive the compressor. The resulting thermal efficiency is about half a point higher than for an atmospheric bed, and the capital cost of the FBC-related components is about 40% lower. While a closed-cycle helium gas turbine might be used rather than a steam cycle, the thermal efficiency would be about four points lower and the capital cost of the FBC-related components would be roughly twice that for the corresponding steam plant.

Matching and Optimisation of Turbochargers for Upgradation of High Horse Power Diesel Electric Locomotives for Indian Railways

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirudh Gautam ◽  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Engine Speed ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Operating Point ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Optimum Configuration ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
First Case ◽  
Brake Mean Effective Pressure

As a part of the upgradation program of its fleet of 1940 kW diesel electric locomotives, Indian Railways undertook evaluation, matching and optimization of different turbochargers. The objective was to increase engine output, improve fuel efficiency and limit thermal loading. Trials with different makes of turbochargers using different combinations of diffuser, nozzle rings and compressors were carried out for identifying the optimum configuration for an uprated engine rating of 2310 kW. Test bed evaluations have been carried out on Research Design & Standards Organization (RDSO) test beds for four different designs of turbochargers with different configurations. Two types of surge tests were carried out at each operating point i.e. constant brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and constant power. In the first case, BMEP was kept constant and engine speed varied and in the second case, power was kept constant and engine speed was varied. The tests consisted of recording the parameters at various combinations of engine speed and power. With different combinations, the highest operating point for a test was governed by peak firing pressures. Some of the parameters, which were monitored, were the compressor air inlet temperature, representative peak firing pressures, turbine inlet temperature, average cylinder head temperature, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and air manifold temperature. This paper discusses the methods adopted in carrying out these evaluations and optimizations and the results obtained thereof along with the decision criteria for making final selections.

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A SOLID DESICCANT AIR DEHUMIDIFIER

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (8-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazri Kamsah ◽  
Haslinda Mohamed Kamar ◽  
Muhammad Imran Wan Khairuzzaman ◽  
M. Idrus Alhamid ◽  
Fazila Mohd Zawawi
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Desiccant Wheel ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Experimental Rig ◽  
Humidity Environment

The presence of moisture in the air along with temperature has a long term and devastating effect on man and material. One way to create a low humidity environment is by using a solid desiccant wheel system. In the present work, an experimental analysis has been carried out under steady-state conditions to investigate the effects of different operating parameters on a solid desiccant wheel system performances. An experimental rig consists of an FFB300 air dehumidifier system was constructed. A parametric investigation was carried out to examine the effects of the reactivation air inlet temperature and process air outlet velocity on the thermal effectiveness, dehumidification efficiency, and moisture removal rate of the desiccant wheel system. The analysis shows that both thermal effectiveness and dehumidification efficiency decrease with the increase of the reactivation air inlet temperature, by 2.5 % and 43 %, respectively. Likewise, when the process air outlet velocity increases both performances criteria reduce by 10 % and 28 %, respectively. The moisture removal rate increases significantly by 30 % as the reactivation air inlet temperature increases. However, the process air outlet velocity has no significant effect on the moisture removal rate. 

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