Experimental Investigation of Mixture Formation and Flame Development Using the Basics Technique of Schlieren Optical Visualization Principle

2014 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 474-478
Author(s):  
Dahrum Samsudin ◽  
Safwan Othman ◽  
M.D. Anuar ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Amir Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Combustible Mixture ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Flame Development ◽  
Air Mixing

The Schlieren technique remains to be one of the most powerful technique to visualize the flow and it is relatively easy to implement, high and variable sensitivity, low cost and its used conventional of light. This technique allows us to see the invisible of the optical inhomogeneities in transparent media like air, water and glass that otherwise cause only ghostly distortions of our normal vision. This research investigates the mixture formation and flame development of biodiesel fuel using the Schlieren optical visualization principle. This method can capture spray evaporation, spray interference, mixture formation and flame pattern clearly with real images. During the experiment, the camera lens was used with telephoto lenses (Nikon 70-300mm f/4-5.6G) in order to capture a large amount of light especially the low flame intensity during the initial flame development. The flame development was captured with color images from a color digital video camera. This method can capture the flow of fluids of varying density, such as spray evaporation, spray interference and mixture formation clearly with real images. The result shows that the mechanism of fuel-air mixing and a better comprehension of combustible mixture that can give valuable information to improve and optimize the combustion process.

scholarly journals Study of Schlieren Optical Visualization Basics Technique and the Principle

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 506-510
Author(s):  
Dahrum Samsudin ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
M.D. Anuar ◽  
M.S. Othman ◽  
Amir Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Refractive Index Gradient ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Schlieren System ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Gradient Fields ◽  
Flame Development ◽  
Air Mixing

This paper presents a schlieren optical visualization technique and its application in observation of the changes of intensity in real images. Schlieren optical visualization technique system is the unique technique because it produces a neutral image easily-interpretable image of refractive-index-gradient fields. The schlieren technique remains to be one of the most powerful techniques to visualize the flow and useful as a tool in order to observe the flow characteristics, fuel-air mixing, spray evaporation and flame development. The schlieren system provides a method to viewing the flow through the transparent media. This paper present the basics technique of schlieren system especially for Z-type and two mirror schlieren system. This optical visualization photography together with digital video camera will capture the detail spray evaporation, mixture formation and flame process.

Analysis of Mixture Formation and Flame Development in Biodiesel Burner Combustion Using Direct Optical Visualization Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
M.D. Anuar ◽  
Mohamad Farid Sies ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Izzuddin Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Flame Development ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
Emulsified Biodiesel

Despite years of emission-reduction attempts, biodiesel combustion still have problem of emitting NOx, CO and particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere. To reduce emissions, the improvements throughout the combustion process have been considered with the enhancement fuel-air mixing. Optical visualization technique is very essential due to its ability to record real time color image of fuel-air premixing and flame development during burning process. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between mixture formation and flame development of burner combustion using optical visualization technique and image processing technique. Blending of biodiesel ratio was varied from 5 vol% (B5) – 15 vol% (B15). Water content under emulsified biodiesel was varied up to 15 percent, and equivalence ratio from 0.6 to 2.0. The real spray image of emulsified biodiesel and different equivalence ratio were captured by direct photography method together with color digital camera. The images of the spatial distribution of fuel-air mixing and natural flame luminosity will be further analyzed and to obtain information of the flame development in order to understand the influences of fuel-air premixing on combustion process and burning process. Analysis of spray evaporation and observations of combustion process reveal that the mixture formation exhibit influences to the ignition process and flame development.

Effect of High Swirl Velocity on Mixture Formation and Combustion Process of Diesel Spray

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 695-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Swirl Velocity ◽  
Flame Development

Diesel engines generate undesirable exhaust emissions during combustion process and identified as major source pollution in the worldwide ecosystem. To reduce emissions, the improvements throughout the premixing of fuel and air have been considered especially at early stage of ignition process. Purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of swirl velocity on flow fuel-air premixing mechanism and burning process in diesel combustion that strongly affects the exhaust emissions. The effects of physical factors on mixture formation and combustion process to improve exhaust emissions are discussed in detail. This study investigated diesel combustion fundamentally using a rapid compression machine (RCM) together with the schlieren photography and direct photography methods. RCM was used to simulate actual phenomenon inside the combustion chamber with changing design parameter such as swirl velocity, injection strategies and variable nozzle concept. The detail behavior of mixture formation during ignition delay period was investigated using the schlieren photography system with a high speed digital video camera. This method can capture spray evaporation, spray interference and mixture formation clearly with real images. Ignition process and flame development were investigated by direct photography method using a light sensitive high-speed color digital video camera. Moreover, the mechanism and behavior of mixture formation were analyzed by newly developed image analysis technique. Under high swirl condition, the ignition delay is extended, the higher heat losses and unutilized high-density oxygen associated with slower initial heat recovery begins might be the explanation for the longer combustion duration, reductions of pick heat release and promote combustion and soot oxidation. The real images of mixture formation and flame development reveal that the spray tip penetration is bended by the high swirl motion, fuel is mainly distributed at the center of combustion chamber, resulting that flame is only formed at the center region of the combustion chamber. It is necessary for high swirl condition to improve fuel-air premixing.

Effect of Pilot Injection on Mixture Formation, Ignition Process and Flame Development in Diesel Combustion

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
M. Jaat ◽  
Izzuddin Zaman ◽  
B. Manshoor ◽  
Mas Fawzi
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Pilot Injection ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Ignition Delay Period

The alternative combustion strategies with systematic control of mixture formation have provided new opportunities and considerable improvement in the combustion process and response to meet the stringent emissions standards. Purpose of this research is to investigate the influences of pilot injection on the fuel-air premixing especially during ignition delay period. During this period, the interaction between fuel spray and surrounding gas prior to ignition which linked to the improvement of mixture formation, ignition process and initial heat recovery thus predominantly influences the combustion process and exhaust emissions. This study investigates the effects of pilot injection using a rapid compression machine together with the schlieren photography and direct photography methods. The detail behavior of mixture formation during ignition delay period was investigated using the schlieren photography system with a high speed digital video camera. This method can capture spray evaporation, spray interference and mixture formation clearly with real images. Ignition process and flame development were investigated by direct photography method using a light sensitive high-speed color digital video camera. Pilot injection promotes mixture formation during ignition delay period and slower oxidation reaction and thus leads to earlier rise and lower peak heat release rate.

Review of the Investigation of Fuel-Air Premixing and Combustion Process Using Rapid Compression Machine and Direct Visualization System

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Jaat ◽  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Siti Mariam Basharie ◽  
Him Ramsy
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Rapid Compression Machine ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Rapid Compression

s :This paper reviews of some applications of optical visualization system to compute the fuel-air mixing process during early stage of mixture formation and late injection in Diesel Combustion Engine. This review has shown that the mixture formation is controlled by the characteristics of the injection systems, the nature of the air swirl and turbulence in thecylinder, and spray characteristics. Few experimental works have been investigated and found that the effects of injection pressure and swirl ratio have a great effect on the mixture formation then affects to the flame development and combustion characteristics.This paper presents the significance of spray and combustion study with optical techniques access rapid compression machine that have been reported by previous researchers. Experimental results are presentedin order to provide in depth knowledge as assistance to readers interested in this research area. Analysis of flame motion and flame intensity in the combustion chamber was performed using high speed direct photographs and image analysis technique. The application of these methods to the investigation of diesel sprays highlights mechanisms which provide a better understanding of spray and combustion characteristics.

Analysis of Mixture Formation and Flame Development of Diesel Combustion Using a Rapid Compression Machine and Optical Visualization Technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Rapid Compression Machine ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Flame Development ◽  
Rapid Compression

Mixture formation plays as a key element on burning process that strongly affects the exhaust emissions such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM). The reductions of emissions can be achieved with improvement throughout the mixing of fuel and air behavior. Measurements were made in an optically-accessible rapid compression machine (RCM) with intended to simulate the actual diesel combustion related phenomena. The diesel combustion was simulated with the RCM which is equipped with the Denso single-shot common-rail fuel injection system, capable of a maximum injection pressure up to 160MPa. Diesel engine compression process could be reproduced within the wide range of ambient temperature, ambient density, swirl velocity, equivalence ratio and fuel injection pressure. The mixture formation and combustion images were captured by the high speed camera. Analysis of combustion characteristics and observations of optical visualization of images reveal that the mixture formation exhibit influences to the ignition process and flame development. Therefore, the examination of the first stage of mixture formation is very important consideration due to the fuel-air premixing process linked with the combustion characteristics. Furthermore, the observation of a systematic control of mixture formation with experimental apparatus enables us to achieve considerable improvements of combustion process and would present the information for fundamental understanding in terms of reduced fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals Application of Schlieren Optical Visualization System in External Combustion and Internal Combustion Engine: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 535-539
Author(s):  
Dahrum Samsudin ◽  
M.D. Anuar ◽  
Safwan Othman ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Amir Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Refractive Index Gradient ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Schlieren System ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Flame Development

Schlieren optical visualization technique system is the unique technique due to the ability in producing a neutral image easily-interpretable image of refractive-index-gradient areas. The Schlieren system provides a method for viewing the flow through the transparent media and the most using this technique is to photograph the flow. This paper presents the review of the application of the Schlieren optical visualization system external and internal combustion engine in order to observe the fuel-air mixing and flame development during the burning process. The basic technique of Schlieren system, especially for Z-type and two mirror Schlieren system provide a powerful and clearly image to visualize the changes of the density in a transparent medium. This method can capture spray evaporation, spray interference and mixture formation clearly with real images. Analysis of optical image visualization observations reveals that the mixture formation of fuel and air exhibits the influence of the ignition and flame development. Thus, the observation of systematic control of the creation of a mixture of experimental apparatus allows us to achieve significant progress in the combustion process and will present the information to understanding the basic terms of reduced fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals On the Estimation of the Surface Elevation of Regular and Irregular Waves Using the Velocity Field of Bubbles

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Vargas ◽  
Ravindra Jayaratne ◽  
Edgar Mendoza ◽  
Rodolfo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Surface Elevation ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Wave Heights

This paper describes a new set of experiments focused on estimating time series of the free surface elevation of water (FSEW) from velocities recorded by submerged air bubbles under regular and irregular waves using a low-cost non-intrusive technique. The main purpose is to compute wave heights and periods using time series of velocities recorded at any depth. The velocities were taken from the tracking of a bubble curtain with only one high-speed digital video camera and a bubble generator. These experiments eliminate the need of intrusive instruments while the methodology can also be applied if the free surface is not visible or even if only part of the depth can be recorded. The estimation of the FSEW was successful for regular waves and reasonably accurate for irregular waves. Moreover, the algorithm to reconstruct the FSEW showed better results for larger wave amplitudes.

Effect of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil on Mixture Formation and Emission of Burner Combustion

2014 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. 620-624
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Latip Lambosi ◽  
M.M. Lokman ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Izzuddin Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Toxic Emission

Stringent emissions regulations and increasing concern on greenhouse emissions are challenging the researcher to find the alternative fuels like biomass and biodiesel. However, the main issue biodiesel fuel (BDF) from waste cooking oil (WCO) is high toxic emission of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) in burning process of burner combustion. Thus, the emulsification concept of BDF and water mixing were studied with focusing in controlling of combustion process especially during early stage combustion in order to minimize the harmful emission. This main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oil on mixture formation and emission in burner system. The mixture formation behavior of BDF-water-air premixing was investigated due to this spray characteristics will contribute in combustion process that predominantly influence to the NOx and PM emission production. Blending of biodiesel ratio was varied from 5vol%(WCO5)-15vol%(WCO15). Water content under emulsified biodiesel was varied up to 15 percent, and equivalence ratio from 0.6 to 2.0. The real spray image of emulsified WCO fuel and different equivalence ratio were captured by optical visualization system together with color digital camera. The images of the spatial distribution of WCO fuel-water-air mixing will be further analyzed compared with the exhaust emission production in order to understand the influences of mixture formation on combustion process and burning process. Increased of water content, promoted fuel-air premixing and spray tip penetration thus predominantly influences to the reduction the exhaust emissions.

Low Cost Experimental Vibration Analysis of a Cantilever Beam Under Base Excitation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pezhman A. Hassanpour ◽  
Andrea J. Helmns
Keyword(s):  
Cantilever Beam ◽  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Base Excitation ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Dimensionless Formulation

This paper presents the investigation of operational deflection shapes of vibration of a cantilever beam using a low-cost digital video camera, and by application of image processing techniques. The beam is uniform and under base excitation. The analytical model of the system is developed using dimensionless formulation. The analytical ODS’s are derived, and then compared with those found from experiment. The significance of this research is that it provides the researchers an inexpensive alternative tool for investigating the behavior of systems with low-frequency dynamics.

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