Effect of Cu Addition onto CaO/Al2O3 Catalyst for Naphthenic Acid Removal from Crude Oil

Oil is one of the most important energy sources for the world and will likely remain so for many decades, even in the most optimistic projection about the growth of alternative energy sources. Petroleum industry nowadays faced a problem when the naphthenic acid (NA) compound naturally present in the acidic crude oil tends to induce corrosion in oil refining process. Total Acid Number (TAN) represent the amount of naphthenic acid in the oil with the permissible limit of TAN in crude oil is less than 1. Various methods had been used to remove NA in crude oil such as dilution and caustic washing. But all methods have their own weakness. Hence, in order to overcome the acidic crude oil problem, a new catalytic deacidification technique will be introduced in this study. Three types of crude: Petronas Penapisan Melaka Heavy Crude (Crude A) and Light Crude (Crude B) and Korean Crude (Crude C) were studied. Parameters studied were dosing amount of basic chemical used, catalyst calcination temperature, and percentage of the basic chemical in the co-solvent. The basic chemical used in this study was ammonia solution in ethylene glycol (NH3-EG). By using Ca/Al2O3 catalyst with calcination temperature of 10000C, the results showed 66.7% (1000 mg/L of NH3-EG) reduction in TAN for crude A, 53.9% reduction for crude B while for crude C the percentage of TAN reduction was 41% only. Addition of Cu as a dopant in this study had increased the TAN reduction for all three types of crude oil. TAN in crude A (80% of TAN reduction) and crude B (77% of TAN reduction) were successfully reduced to less than 1 with only using 1000 mg/L of NH3-EG with the aids of Cu/Ca (10:90)/Al2O3 catalyst at calcination temperature of 10000C while for crude C the TAN was still higher than 1 but the percentage of TAN reduction increased to 46%.

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Deacidification of Acidic Petroleum Crude Oil Utilizing a Formulated Basic Chemical

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.335 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1107 ◽

pp. 335-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nurasmat Mohd Shukri ◽

Jafariah Jaafar ◽

Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar ◽

Zaiton Abdul Majid

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Crude Oil ◽

New Technology ◽

Acid Number ◽

Refining Process ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Petroleum Crude ◽

Total Acid ◽

Total Acid Number ◽

Stirring Time

An increasing interest in acidic fractions in crude oil was prompted by the corrosion problems that these compounds caused during oil refining process. This corrosion is associated with the total acid number (TAN). With the anticipated growth of acidic crudes in the market, a new technology for removal of the acidic fractions was introduced. Petronas Penapisan Melaka Light Crude (B) with TAN values of 2.52 was studied. The ammoniated polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as the deacidifying agent in this study with a concentration range of 100-2500 mg/L. Data indicated that the optimal content of ammoniated polyethylene glycol in crude B was 1500 mg/L, and PEG with molecular weight of 2000 was the most promising co-solvent with the reagent/oil ratio being 0.4:1 (wt/wt). A reaction time of 5 min with a suitable reaction temperature of 40°C and optimal stirring time of 5 min were sufficient to achieve the goal for crude oil B. The TAN was lowered to 0.28 for crude oil B. The percentage of acid removal for crude B was 78. An increase in the concentration of basic chemical reduced the TAN value for crude oil B to less than 1.

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Continuous desalting concept on ionic liquid-mediated de-acidification process of crude oil: A pilot study

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1195/1/012013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1195 (1) ◽

pp. 012013

Author(s):

A Hussain ◽

J Basar

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Naphthenic Acid ◽

Naphthenic Acids ◽

Acid Number ◽

Single Stage ◽

Wash Water ◽

Total Acid ◽

Oil Emulsion ◽

Carry Over

Abstract Desalting process concept was tested using methyltrimethylammonium methylcarbonate [N4441][MeCO3] treated Pyrenees crude oil (initial Total Acid Number (TAN) of 1.6 mg KOH/g oil) with the aim to gain empirical evidences on the effectiveness of in-line water washing and electrostatic aided phase separation as mean to recover the naphthenic acid derivatives for recycling. The treated crude oil (final TAN value of less than 0.3 mg KOH/g oil) was subjected to typical operating scheme such as single stage desalting and effects of water wash volumes. The novelty of the work comes from the utilisation of ionic liquids to neutralise acid components of the crude oil. Furthermore, the work is also able to test the hypothesis of whether naphthenate salts behave as is its inorganic counterpart and quantify the solubility behaviour in water as extraction medium. The effectiveness of such scheme will be measured against naphthenic acids derivative percent recovery in the wash water. The results indicate the electrostatic conditions can facilitate the recovery of the naphthenate salts post neutralization with high recovery rate of average of 70.6 % with 30 % water wash volume in a single-stage contact, observed over 12 hours steady-state operation. The water wash weight was observed to increase post separation which indicate hydrocarbon carry-over in the heavy phase due to formation of tight water – oil emulsion. The technique is viable should the amount of water required is available and the process water can be recycled safely into the desalter again without causing tripping to the desalter. Ionic liquid can be used in conjunction with desalter and the presence of electrostatic field did hasten the separation of the phases, however the amount of water used may hinder the viability of the solution.

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Total Acid Number Reduction of Acidic Petroleum Crude Oil by Using 2-Methylimidazole in Polyethylene Glycol and Ca/Al2O3 Catalyst

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1025.337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1025 ◽

pp. 337-342

Author(s):

Noraini Safar Che Harun ◽

Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi ◽

Shaari Daud

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Naphthenic Acid ◽

Acid Number ◽

Oil Refinery ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽

Total Acid ◽

Calcination Temperatures ◽

Total Acid Number

The Naphthenic Acid (NA) found in the acidic crude oil is one of the main challenges that can lead to corrosion problem in oil refinery equipment and reduces the quality of the oil. In this study, catalytic neutralization reaction was investigated in order to lowering Total Acid Number (TAN) in crude oil to less than one mg KOH/g utilizing 2-Methylimidazole in Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) with aid of Ca/Al2O3 catalyst. The catalyst were supported on the alumina beads through Incipient Wetness Impregnation (IWI) methods and heated in an oven for 24 hours at 80-90°C then calcined at calcination temperatures of 800, 900 and 1000°C. The result showed that Ca/Al2O3 catalyst successfully reduced to 0.52 mg KOH/g from original TAN value 4.22 mg KOH/g by using a catalyst at calcination temperature 1000°C, 0.39 wt % (7 beads) of catalyst loading and 1000 ppm of 2-Methylimidazole in PEG. It can be concluded that catalytic deacidification method was effective method in reducing NAs from the crude oil and can lowered the TAN value to less than 1 mg KOH/g.

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Enhancing Rheological Properties and Reduction of Total Acid Number of a Heavy Crude Oil Using Ethanol and Trona

10.2118/205621-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Almadhaji ◽

Mohammed Saeed ◽

Hitham Ibrahim ◽

Anas Ahmed ◽

Ragaei Maher

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Acid Number ◽

Capillary Viscometer ◽

Heavy Crude Oil ◽

Production Operation ◽

Total Acid ◽

Total Acid Number ◽

Heavy Crude

Abstract One of Sudanese fields has a heavy crude oil which has a high Total Acid Number (TAN) and high viscosity, can cause a lot of problems in production operation, transport, and storage facilities. The effect of ethanol dilution on the rheological properties of crude (especially the kinematic viscosity) was studied and presented. Moreover, the consequence of blending Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3) with a specified amount of Ethanol in the crude can reduce (TAN) to acceptable limits for solving corrosion and flowability problems. The approach is based on the experiments and laboratory works on the crude's samples after blending with a certain amount of Trona and Ethanol. It depends on the results of apparatuses, that are used to measure the samples, for instance, Calibrated glass capillary viscometer and ASTM D664 titration volume Total Acid Number tester which are employed to get the values of kinematic viscosity and TAN, respectively. The tests are established with crude have kinematic viscosity (187 cst) at temperature 75°C and TAN almost (8.51). While increasing the dosage of Trona at the ambient temperature (38°C) with the certain mass percentage of Ethanol (5%), TAN is decreased from (8.51 to 4.00 mgKOH/g). Also, the kinematic viscosity is declined from (187 cst to 96.75 cst) after increasing the volume of Ethanol at 75°C. These outcomes indicated that Ethanol could reduce Sudanese heavy crude's viscosity, and the Trona could decrease the TAN. This reduction occurred due to Ethanol dilution. The Ethanol molecules disturb the molecular structure of the crude, which forms polar bond within the hydrocarbon chain that leads to lower the friction between molecules of hydrocarbon in the crude. Also, Trona shrinks TAN because the Hydroxide ions (OH+) that founded in Trona neutralize the Hydrogen ions (H−) in Naphthenic acid in Sudanese heavy crude. This study can be summarized in the ability to solve the difficulty of transporting and processing the heavy crude oil in refineries; maintains the quality of the crude while utilizing it with friendly environmental materials and low cost.

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Occurrence of naphthenate deposition in crude oil production field offshore Niger Delta

Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ◽

10.1007/s13202-020-01029-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Opeyemi Lawal ◽

Solomon A. Adekola ◽

Akinsehinwa Akinlua

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Metal Ions ◽

Water Samples ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Produced Water ◽

Oil Production ◽

Acid Number ◽

Total Acid ◽

Offshore Field ◽

High Possibility

AbstractCrude oil and produced water samples obtained from ten wells in an offshore field, Niger Delta, were analyzed, in order to determine the occurrence of naphthenates deposition in the field. Total acid number (TAN) and °API of the crude oil samples, pH and metal ions concentrations of the produced water samples were determined. The results revealed that TAN values ranged from 0.47 to 1.01 mgKOH/g with pH of 6.9–8.9, which were above established threshold. The metal ions concentrations especially for Ca++ and Na+ were relatively high. These imply a high possibility of metal-naphthenate precipitation in the oil production facilities in this field.

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AUSTRALIAN GTL CLEAN DIESEL: A STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY FOR AUSTRALIA’S STRANDED GAS RESERVES

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj01064 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

W.G. Higgs ◽

P.E. Prass

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Clean Diesel ◽

Market Opportunities ◽

Gas Markets ◽

Gas To Liquids ◽

Gas Supply ◽

Stranded Gas

Australia’s lack of gas supply infrastructure and market opportunities means that in the northwest of our nation more than 100 trillion cubic feet of gas remains uncommitted to customer contracts.Because of Western Australia’s relatively small domestic gas markets and the long transport distances to larger markets, the belief has been that only the LNG industry has the scale to monetise the large volumes of gas required to underpin greenfield developments and expansion of gas supply infrastructure.Changing fuel specifications around the world, combined with the limited opportunities for new LNG contracts, has renewed interest in gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology as an alternative to crude oil refining for a source of clean and efficient transport fuels. GTL is an exciting new market opportunity for Australian gas.Exploration interest in Australia appears to be waning. Declining opportunities for oil discoveries and the lack of markets for natural gas make investments in Australia’s upstream sector unattractive compared to other locations around the world.In addition, Australia has dwindling crude oil supplies and faces the prospect of increasing reliance on imported crude oil and refined products. An Australian GTL Clean Diesel industry can help overcome these hurdles by creating a designer blendstock and a valuable new GTL Clean Diesel export industry.A GTL Clean Diesel industry would not only help resolve many of Australia’s current upstream and downstream problems in the petroleum industry, but would also provide massive economic benefits to Australia.This paper will look not only at the making but also the marketing of this fuel of the future.

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PENGARUH TINGKAT KEMATANGAN BIJI BUAH NYAMPLUNG (Calophylum inophylum L.) TERHADAP RENDEMEN MINYAK BIJI BUAH NYAMPLUNG

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v4i1.1196 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Noor Mirad Sari

Keyword(s):

Iodine Number ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Acid Number ◽

Oil Price ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Oil Fuel

Indonesia which is a net-exporter in of fuel oil has turn become a net importer of oil since 2009. It is ironic because it occurs at the world's oil price is unstable and tends to increase. It is time for Indonesia to develop alternative energy sources and bio-diesel oil from the seeds of nyamplung (Calophylum inophylum L.). The purpose of this researh was to determine the magnitude of the yield of oil from the seeds of the produced by the level of maturity. The raw and the riped yamplung seeds was used in this research. The results showed that the yield of oil in ripe seed is 24.01% and the raw one is 19.17% . Acid number and iodine number of oil based on the average maturity are 37.51 g / ml and 3094.14 g / ml for the ripe fruit, and 37.18 g / ml and 3421.32 g / ml for the raw fruit.Keywords: nyamplung, maturity, yield, oil, fuel.

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