scholarly journals Occurrence of naphthenate deposition in crude oil production field offshore Niger Delta

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Opeyemi Lawal ◽  
Solomon A. Adekola ◽  
Akinsehinwa Akinlua
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Offshore Field ◽  
High Possibility

AbstractCrude oil and produced water samples obtained from ten wells in an offshore field, Niger Delta, were analyzed, in order to determine the occurrence of naphthenates deposition in the field. Total acid number (TAN) and °API of the crude oil samples, pH and metal ions concentrations of the produced water samples were determined. The results revealed that TAN values ranged from 0.47 to 1.01 mgKOH/g with pH of 6.9–8.9, which were above established threshold. The metal ions concentrations especially for Ca++ and Na+ were relatively high. These imply a high possibility of metal-naphthenate precipitation in the oil production facilities in this field.

Enhancing Rheological Properties and Reduction of Total Acid Number of a Heavy Crude Oil Using Ethanol and Trona

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Almadhaji ◽  
Mohammed Saeed ◽  
Hitham Ibrahim ◽  
Anas Ahmed ◽  
Ragaei Maher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Heavy Crude

Abstract One of Sudanese fields has a heavy crude oil which has a high Total Acid Number (TAN) and high viscosity, can cause a lot of problems in production operation, transport, and storage facilities. The effect of ethanol dilution on the rheological properties of crude (especially the kinematic viscosity) was studied and presented. Moreover, the consequence of blending Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3) with a specified amount of Ethanol in the crude can reduce (TAN) to acceptable limits for solving corrosion and flowability problems. The approach is based on the experiments and laboratory works on the crude's samples after blending with a certain amount of Trona and Ethanol. It depends on the results of apparatuses, that are used to measure the samples, for instance, Calibrated glass capillary viscometer and ASTM D664 titration volume Total Acid Number tester which are employed to get the values of kinematic viscosity and TAN, respectively. The tests are established with crude have kinematic viscosity (187 cst) at temperature 75°C and TAN almost (8.51). While increasing the dosage of Trona at the ambient temperature (38°C) with the certain mass percentage of Ethanol (5%), TAN is decreased from (8.51 to 4.00 mgKOH/g). Also, the kinematic viscosity is declined from (187 cst to 96.75 cst) after increasing the volume of Ethanol at 75°C. These outcomes indicated that Ethanol could reduce Sudanese heavy crude's viscosity, and the Trona could decrease the TAN. This reduction occurred due to Ethanol dilution. The Ethanol molecules disturb the molecular structure of the crude, which forms polar bond within the hydrocarbon chain that leads to lower the friction between molecules of hydrocarbon in the crude. Also, Trona shrinks TAN because the Hydroxide ions (OH+) that founded in Trona neutralize the Hydrogen ions (H−) in Naphthenic acid in Sudanese heavy crude. This study can be summarized in the ability to solve the difficulty of transporting and processing the heavy crude oil in refineries; maintains the quality of the crude while utilizing it with friendly environmental materials and low cost.

Effect of Cu Addition onto CaO/Al2O3 Catalyst for Naphthenic Acid Removal from Crude Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi ◽  
Jafariah Jaafar ◽  
Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Naphthenic Acid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Total Acid

Oil is one of the most important energy sources for the world and will likely remain so for many decades, even in the most optimistic projection about the growth of alternative energy sources. Petroleum industry nowadays faced a problem when the naphthenic acid (NA) compound naturally present in the acidic crude oil tends to induce corrosion in oil refining process. Total Acid Number (TAN) represent the amount of naphthenic acid in the oil with the permissible limit of TAN in crude oil is less than 1. Various methods had been used to remove NA in crude oil such as dilution and caustic washing. But all methods have their own weakness. Hence, in order to overcome the acidic crude oil problem, a new catalytic deacidification technique will be introduced in this study. Three types of crude: Petronas Penapisan Melaka Heavy Crude (Crude A) and Light Crude (Crude B) and Korean Crude (Crude C) were studied. Parameters studied were dosing amount of basic chemical used, catalyst calcination temperature, and percentage of the basic chemical in the co-solvent. The basic chemical used in this study was ammonia solution in ethylene glycol (NH3-EG). By using Ca/Al2O3 catalyst with calcination temperature of 10000C, the results showed 66.7% (1000 mg/L of NH3-EG) reduction in TAN for crude A, 53.9% reduction for crude B while for crude C the percentage of TAN reduction was 41% only. Addition of Cu as a dopant in this study had increased the TAN reduction for all three types of crude oil. TAN in crude A (80% of TAN reduction) and crude B (77% of TAN reduction) were successfully reduced to less than 1 with only using 1000 mg/L of NH3-EG with the aids of Cu/Ca (10:90)/Al2O3 catalyst at calcination temperature of 10000C while for crude C the TAN was still higher than 1 but the percentage of TAN reduction increased to 46%.

Deacidification of Acidic Petroleum Crude Oil Utilizing a Formulated Basic Chemical

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurasmat Mohd Shukri ◽  
Jafariah Jaafar ◽  
Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar ◽  
Zaiton Abdul Majid
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Refining Process ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Petroleum Crude ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Stirring Time

An increasing interest in acidic fractions in crude oil was prompted by the corrosion problems that these compounds caused during oil refining process. This corrosion is associated with the total acid number (TAN). With the anticipated growth of acidic crudes in the market, a new technology for removal of the acidic fractions was introduced. Petronas Penapisan Melaka Light Crude (B) with TAN values of 2.52 was studied. The ammoniated polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as the deacidifying agent in this study with a concentration range of 100-2500 mg/L. Data indicated that the optimal content of ammoniated polyethylene glycol in crude B was 1500 mg/L, and PEG with molecular weight of 2000 was the most promising co-solvent with the reagent/oil ratio being 0.4:1 (wt/wt). A reaction time of 5 min with a suitable reaction temperature of 40°C and optimal stirring time of 5 min were sufficient to achieve the goal for crude oil B. The TAN was lowered to 0.28 for crude oil B. The percentage of acid removal for crude B was 78. An increase in the concentration of basic chemical reduced the TAN value for crude oil B to less than 1.

scholarly journals EXTRACTION OF NAPHTHENIC ACIDS FROM ACIDIC PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL UTILIZING 2-METHYLIMIDAZOLE WITH THE AID OF Ca/Al2O3 AND Ce/Al2O3 CATALYSTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (SI-TeMIC18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norshahidatul Akmar Shohaimi ◽  
Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar ◽  
Nurasmat Mohd Shukri ◽  
Khairan Shaidi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naphthenic Acids ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

Naphthenic acids (NAs) is one of the major sources of corrosion in oil pipelines and distillation units in crude oil refineries. Removing NA compounds from crude oils is regarded as one of the most crucial processes in heavy oil upgrading. Catalytic deacidification method had been developed in order to reduce the total acid number values in crude oil. Crude oil from Petronas Penapisan Melaka had been chosen to be studied with original total acid number (TAN) of 2.43 mg KOH/g. The parameters used were different catalyst calcination temperatures, catalyst loading, reagent concentration, reaction times and reaction temperature. Acid removal agent of 2-methylimidazole in ethanol and monometallic calcium and cerium doped with alumina were used as a catalyst. The results showed that with the aid of catalyst, the TAN can be reduced to lower than 1 mg KOH/g. Catalyst of Ca/Al2O3 calcined at 900oC gave a better reduction than Ce/Al2O3 with 83.54% of TAN reduction (2.43 to 0.4) for Ca/Al2O3 catalyst and 71.19% (2.43 to 0.7) for Ce/Al2O3 catalyst. The best catalyst underwent several characterization methods such as X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA-DTA) for its physicochemical properties. It can be concluded that catalytic deacidification method was effective in extracting NAs from the crude oil thus lowered the TAN value to less than 1 mg KOH/g. Keywords: Naphthenic acids; Crude oil; Catalysts

scholarly journals Continuous desalting concept on ionic liquid-mediated de-acidification process of crude oil: A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 1195 (1) ◽  
pp. 012013
Author(s):  
A Hussain ◽  
J Basar
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Naphthenic Acid ◽  
Naphthenic Acids ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Carry Over

Abstract Desalting process concept was tested using methyltrimethylammonium methylcarbonate [N4441][MeCO3] treated Pyrenees crude oil (initial Total Acid Number (TAN) of 1.6 mg KOH/g oil) with the aim to gain empirical evidences on the effectiveness of in-line water washing and electrostatic aided phase separation as mean to recover the naphthenic acid derivatives for recycling. The treated crude oil (final TAN value of less than 0.3 mg KOH/g oil) was subjected to typical operating scheme such as single stage desalting and effects of water wash volumes. The novelty of the work comes from the utilisation of ionic liquids to neutralise acid components of the crude oil. Furthermore, the work is also able to test the hypothesis of whether naphthenate salts behave as is its inorganic counterpart and quantify the solubility behaviour in water as extraction medium. The effectiveness of such scheme will be measured against naphthenic acids derivative percent recovery in the wash water. The results indicate the electrostatic conditions can facilitate the recovery of the naphthenate salts post neutralization with high recovery rate of average of 70.6 % with 30 % water wash volume in a single-stage contact, observed over 12 hours steady-state operation. The water wash weight was observed to increase post separation which indicate hydrocarbon carry-over in the heavy phase due to formation of tight water – oil emulsion. The technique is viable should the amount of water required is available and the process water can be recycled safely into the desalter again without causing tripping to the desalter. Ionic liquid can be used in conjunction with desalter and the presence of electrostatic field did hasten the separation of the phases, however the amount of water used may hinder the viability of the solution.

The Effectiveness of Ni/Ce/Al2O3 Catalyst in the Extraction of Naphthenic Acids from Acidic Crude Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 1025 ◽  
pp. 284-289
Author(s):  
Nurul Hidayah Aziz ◽  
Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi ◽  
Noraini Safar Che Harun
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Pure Metal ◽  
Naphthenic Acids ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Total Acid

Processing of petroleum crude oil with high total acid number (TAN) lead to corrosion problems in oil refinery equipment, storage, facilities and even reduces the performances of the oil. The purpose of this study is to overcome the corrosion problem in oil refinery by reducing the TAN in the oil to less than 1 mgKOH/g. A 2-methylimidazole in ethanol with the aid of Ni/Ce (10:90)/Al2O3 catalyst through the catalytic deacidification technique. The catalyst was prepared by using Incipient Wetness Impregnation (IWI) methods on alumina beads as catalyst support and calcined at 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C. Ni/Ce (10:90)/Al2O3 catalyst was characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) to study physicochemical properties of the catalyst. The results shows that Ni/Ce (10:90)/Al2O3 catalyst successfully reduced TAN in crude oil to 0.50 from 4.22 mg KOH/g at 1000°C calcination temperature and catalyst loading of 0.39% (7 beads). XRD analysis proposed Al2O3 and CeO2 fcc was the active site for Ni/Ce (10:90)/Al2O3 catalyst. C-H alkanes stretching, -CH2- alkanes stretching and pure metal oxides stretching modes were detected on the catalyst at wavelength of 2952.49 to 2852.82, 1599.38, and 862.81 to 537.27 cm-1 respectively by FTIR analysis after catalytic deacidification process which indicates that there were impurities that have adsorbed on the catalyst surface. As a conclusion, the catalysts successfully reduced the TAN value of acidic crude oil to less than 1.00 mg KOH/g.

Experimental Analysis of Alkali-Brine-Alcohol Phase Behavior with High Acid Number Crude Oil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
D. Magzymov ◽  
T. Clemens ◽  
B. Schumi ◽  
R. T. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Oil Water

Summary A potential enhanced oil recovery technique is to inject alkali into a reservoir with a high-total acid number (TAN) crude to generate soap in situ and reduce interfacial tension (IFT) without the need to inject surfactant. The method may be cost-effective if the IFT can be lowered enough to cause significant mobilization of trapped oil while also avoiding formation of gels and viscous phases. This paper investigates the potential field application of injecting alkali to generate in-situ soap and favorable phase behavior for a high-TAN oil. Oil analyses show that the acids in the crude are a complex mixture of various polar acids and not mainly carboxylic acids. The results from phase behavior experiments do not undergo typical Winsor microemulsion behavior transition and subsequent ultralow IFTs below 1×10−3 mN/m that are conventionally observed. Instead, mixing of alkali and crude/brine generate water-in-oil macroemulsions that can be highly viscous. For a specific range of alkali concentrations, however, phases are not too viscous, and IFTs are reduced by several orders of magnitude. Incremental coreflood recoveries in this alkali range are excellent, even though not all trapped oil is mobilized. The viscous phase behavior at high alkali concentrations is explained by the formation of salt-crude complexes, created by acids from the crude oil under the alkali environment. These hydrophobic molecules tend to agglomerate at the oil-water interface. Together with polar components from the crude oil, they can organize into a highly viscous network and stabilize water droplets in the oleic phase. Oil-soluble alcohol was added to counter those two phenomena at large concentrations, but typical Winsor phase behavior was still not observed. A physicochemical model is proposed to explain the salt-crude complex formation at the oil-water interface that inhibits classical Winsor behavior.

Nigerian oil and gas dividends could prove elusive

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Fragile State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Oil Workers

Subject Nigeria oil and gas developments. Significance Africa's biggest crude oil producer has once again been plagued by fuel shortages over the Christmas and New Year holiday period. A threatened strike by oil workers, in addition to Niger Delta militants recently announcing an end to a ceasefire, comes amid rising oil production and exports that has offered some relief to the hard-pressed economy. Fuel shortages place the spotlight once more on the service-delivery failings of President Muhammadu Buhari's government and the fragile state of the naira. Impacts Delta militants may have greater leverage as the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) wants stability ahead of a re-election campaign. Improving oil production will come up against pressure from OPEC to limit supply. With chronic delays to planned infrastructure projects, electricity and fuel shortages will be a persistent problem.

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