Thermal Dehydration Kinetic Mechanism of Aluminum Sulfate Hydrates

2010 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Hui Bai ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
Peng Cheng Li ◽  
Tong Song Wang

Thermal dehydration kinetics of aluminum sulfate hydrates was studied with TG/DTA under static open air environment. It was found that the thermal dehydration of the aluminum sulfate hydrates was a two-stage process. The first stage happened in the temperature range from 90 to 300°C with 13 water loss. The second stage happened in the temperature range from 300 to 380 °C with 2 water loss. Activation energy and former factor of each staged were obtained by regression the TG/DTA data with 19 differential and integral functions based on non-isothermal Achar method as well as Coats-Redfern method. The result indicated that the mechanism for the first stage dehydration was the proliferation of three-dimensional, spherical symmetry, 3D, D3, slow-α-t curve, n = 2, reaction is reaction 2. The mechanism of the second stage dehydration was random nucleation and subsequent growth, A3, S-shaped α-t curve, n=1/3, m = 3, reaction is reaction 1/3. Identified that the most likely mechanism of Al2(SO4)3•15H2O dehydration is 2 and 1/3 reactions two process.

Author(s):  
Е.В. Школьников

Ранее [Школьников, 2014] исследованы структурно-химические особенноcти полупроводниковых стекол AsSe1.5Snx, склонных к ситаллизации (равномерной объемной кристаллизации). Стекла с 5 и 7.4 ат.% Sn (х = 0,13 и 0,20) синтезировали методом вакуумной плавки, как правило, из особо чистых элементных веществ при различных температурах в интервале 700−950 С с последующей закалкой ампул с расплавами в воздухе. Методами 119Sn мёссбауэровской спектроскопии, рентгенофазового анализа, измерения плотности и микротвердости закаленных образцов исследована кинетика ступенчатых превращений при изотермической cиталлизации в интервале температур 210−310 С. Анализ кинетики валовой объемной кристаллизации стекол выполнен по данным измерения плотности с использованием уравнения Колмогорова–Аврами, обобщенного на ступенчатые и неполные изотермические превращения. Установлено, что на первой ступени изотермической ситаллизации стекол в низкотемпературном интервале 210−255 С преобладают гомогенное зарождение и трехмерный рост тонкодисперсных кристаллов фазы SnSe, инициирующей на второй ступени гетерогенное зарождение и двумерный рост кристаллов основной кристаллохимическиподобной фазы As2Se3. Реконструктивная кристаллизация исследованных стекол связана с непрерывным изменением химического состава и описывается интервалом значений энергии активации. При температурах 260−310 С на первой ступени выделяется смесь фаз SnSe и SnSe2 с преобладанием фазы SnSe на начальных стадиях, а выделение основной кристаллической фазы As2Se3 сильно замедлено или не фиксируется. In the article [Shkolnikov, 2014], structural-chemical features of AsSe1.5Snx semiconducting glasses, prone to sitallization (uniform bulk crystallization), were investigated. Glasses with 5 and 7.4 at. % Sn (x = 0.13 and 0.20) were synthesized by vacuum melting, usually from extremely pure elemental substances at various temperatures in the range of 700-950 C followed by quenching ampoules with melts in air. The kinetics of stepwise transformations during bulk isothermal crystallization of AsSe1.5Snx glasses has been studied in the temperature range of 210−310 °С using 119Sn Mȍssbauer spectroscopy, x-ray phase analysis, and the density and microhardness measurements of the quenched samples. The kinetics of the gross bulk crystallization of glasses have been analyzed according to the data on density measurement using the Kolmogorov–Avrami equation, which was generalized on stepwise and incomplete isothermal transformations. It was found that the first stage of isothermal sitallization of glasses in the low-temperature range of 210–255 С is dominated by homogeneous nucleation and three-dimensional growth of finely dispersed SnSe phase crystals, which initiate heterogeneous nucleation and two-dimensional growth of crystals of the main crystallochemically similar phase of As2Se3 at the second stage. Reconstructive crystallization of the investigated glasses is associated with a continuous change in the chemical composition and is described by an interval of values of the activation energy. At the temperatures of 260–310 °C the first step separates a mixture of SnSe and SnSe2 phases with the predominance of the SnSe phase in the initial stages, and the precipitation of the basic crystalline phase of As2Se3 is strongly retarded or not fixed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Luo ◽  
Gaoming Jiang ◽  
Honglian Cong

Abstract This paper focuses on the better performance between the garment simulation result and the simulation speed. For simplicity and clarity, a notation “PART” is defined to indicate the areas between the garment and the human body satisfying some constraints. The discrete mechanical model can be achieved by the two-stage process. In the first stage, the garment can be divided into several PARTs constrained by the distance. In the second stage, the mechanical model of each PART is formulated with a mathematical expression. Thus, the mechanical model of the garment can be obtained. Through changing the constrained distance, the simulation result and the simulation speed can be observed. From the variable distance, a desired value can be chosen for an optimal value. The results of simulations and experiments demonstrate that the better performance can be achieved at a higher speed by saving runtime with the acceptable simulation results and the efficiency of the proposed scheme can be verified as well.


1988 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Phillpot ◽  
J. F. Lutsko ◽  
D. Wolf ◽  
S. Yip

AbstractThe growth kinetics of melting nucleated at a high-angle twist boundary in silicon are investigated using molecular dynamics. Melting is found to be a two-stage process. In the first stage order is lost within a single plane at the interface and the density of the solid increases to that of the liquid. In the second stage the atomic coordination changes and an isotropic liquid is formed.


Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1809
Author(s):  
Zhanzhi Liu ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Sheng Chen

d-mannose has exhibited excellent physiological properties in the food, pharmaceutical, and feed industries. Therefore, emerging attention has been applied to enzymatic production of d-mannose due to its advantage over chemical synthesis. The gene age of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase family epimerase/isomerase (AGEase) derived from Pseudomonas geniculata was amplified, and the recombinant P. geniculata AGEase was characterized. The optimal temperature and pH of P. geniculata AGEase were 60 °C and 7.5, respectively. The Km, kcat, and kcat/Km of P. geniculata AGEase for d-mannose were 49.2 ± 8.5 mM, 476.3 ± 4.0 s−1, and 9.7 ± 0.5 s−1·mM−1, respectively. The recombinant P. geniculata AGEase was classified into the YihS enzyme subfamily in the AGE enzyme family by analyzing its substrate specificity and active center of the three-dimensional (3D) structure. Further studies on the kinetics of different substrates showed that the P. geniculata AGEase belongs to the d-mannose isomerase of the YihS enzyme. The P. geniculata AGEase catalyzed the synthesis of d-mannose with d-fructose as a substrate, and the conversion rate was as high as 39.3% with the d-mannose yield of 78.6 g·L−1 under optimal reaction conditions of 200 g·L−1d-fructose and 2.5 U·mL−1P. geniculata AGEase. This novel P. geniculata AGEase has potential applications in the industrial production of d-mannose.


1987 ◽  
Vol 91 (26) ◽  
pp. 6543-6547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio. Masuda ◽  
Keiichi. Iwata ◽  
Ryokou. Ito ◽  
Yoshio. Ito

In the first paper of this series (Burgoyne 1937) the kinetics of the isothermal oxidation above 400° C of several aromatic hydrocarbons was studied. The present communication extends this work to include the phenomena of ignition in the same temperature range, whilst the corresponding reactions below 400° C form the subject of further investigations now in progress. The hydrocarbons at present under consideration are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n -propylbenzene, o-, m - and p -xylenes and mesitylene.


1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Warner ◽  
J. Reid Shelton

Abstract Three olefins were oxidized in the liquid phase with molecular oxygen to determine the kinetics of the oxidation reactions and the relationship to oxidation of rubber. The instantaneous rate of oxidation was found to be related to the analytically determined olefin and peroxide concentrations by the equation : Rate=k (unreacted olefin)(peroxide), where rate equals moles of oxygen per mole of original olefin per hour and the parentheses represent molarities. Presence of a phenyl group was found to affect k, but only in a minor way, indicating that the same fundamental kinetic mechanism applies in both aromatic and aliphatic olefins. The data are consistent with the general kinetic mechanism of Bolland involving oxygen attack at the alpha-methylenic group. However, it appears probable that initial oxygen attack can also occur at the double bond, resulting in the formation of a peroxide biradical, which may then react with other olefin molecules, initiating the usual chain reaction mechanism.


1995 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 317-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. GILDENBLAT ◽  
D. FOTY

We review the modeling of silicon MOS devices in the 10–300 K temperature range with an emphasis on the specifics of low-temperature operation. Recently developed one-dimensional models of long-channel transistors are discussed in connection with experimental determination and verification of the effective channel mobility in a wide temperature range. We also present analytical pseudo-two-dimensional models of short-channel devices which have been proposed for potential use in circuit simulators. Several one-, two-, and three-dimensional numerical models are discussed in order to gain insight into the more subtle details of the low-temperature device physics of MOS transistors and capacitors. Particular attention is paid to freezeout effects which, depending on the device design and the ambient temperature range, may or may not be important for actual device operation. The numerical models are applied to study the characteristic time scale of freezeout transients in the space-charge regions of silicon devices, to the analysis and suppression of delayed turn-off in MOS transistors with compensated channel, and to the temperature dependence of three-dimensional effects in short-channel, narrow-channel MOSFETs.


Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Yongxuan Chen ◽  
Kefeng Xie ◽  
Yucheng He ◽  
Wenbing Hu

We report fast-scanning chip-calorimetry measurement of isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) in a broad temperature range. We observed that PGA crystallization could be suppressed by cooling rates beyond -100 K s−1 and, after fast cooling, by heating rates beyond 50 K s-1. In addition, the parabolic curve of crystallization half-time versus crystallization temperature shows that PGA crystallizes the fastest at 130 °C with the minimum crystallization half-time of 4.28 s. We compared our results to those of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with nearby molecular weights previously reported by Androsch et al. We found that PGA crystallizes generally more quickly than PLLA. In comparison to PLLA, PGA has a much smaller hydrogen side group than the methyl side group in PLLA; therefore, crystal nucleation is favored by the higher molecular mobility of PGA in the low temperature region as well as by the denser molecular packing of PGA in the high temperature region, and the two factors together decide the higher crystallization rates of PGA in the whole temperature range.


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