The Electrospray (ESI) and Flowing Atmosphere-Pressure Afterglow (FAPA) Mass Spectrometry Studies of Nitrophenols (Plant Growth Stimulants) Removed Using Strong Base-Functionalized Materials

The functional silica-based materials functionalized with a strong nitrogen base TBD (SiO2-TBD) deposited via a linker or with a basic poly(amidoamine) dendrimer containing multiple terminal amine groups -NH2 (SiO2-EDA) and functional polymers containing a strong phosphazene base (Polymer-Phosphazene) or another basic poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PMVEAMA-PAMAM) were tested as sorbents dedicated to a mixture of nitrophenols (p-nitrophenol and 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol), which are analogs of nitrophenols used in plant growth biostimulants. The adsorptive potential of the studied materials reached 0.102, 0.089, 0.140, and 0.074 g of the nitrophenols g−1, for SiO2-TBD, SiO2-EDA, polymer-phosphazene, and PMVEAMA-PAMAM, respectively. The sorptive efficiency of the analytes, i.e., their adsorption on the functional materials, the desorption from the obtained [(sorbent)H+ − nitrophenolates–] complexes, and interactions with the used soil, were monitored using mass spectrometry (MS) technique with electrospray (ESI) and flowing atmosphere-pressure afterglow (FAPA) ionizations, for the analysis of the aqueous solutions and the solids, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption/desorption progress is determined by the structures of the terminal basic domains anchored to the materials, which are connected with the strength of the proton exchange between the sorbents and nitrophenols. Moreover, the conducted comprehensive MS analyses, performed for both solid and aqueous samples, gave a broad insight into the interactions of the biostimulants and the presented functional materials.

High Quality Al2O3-ZrO2-C Slide Gate Properties Adding Si-Fe Sintered by both Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide Atmosphere

The Si-Fe (≤0.043 mm) fine powder was added to the Al2O3-ZrO2-C slide gate, and the influences of adding different Si-Fe contents (2wt%, 4wt%, 6wt%, 8wt%) are studied. Two different firing ways of nitridation and carbonazation atmosphere were used. The experimental results indicated that the addition of Si-Fe improve the physical and chemical properties of the slide gate, the performance is the best when the addition of Si-Fe is 6wt% and the properties of slide gate sintering in N2-flowing atmosphere is better than that in CO-flowing atmosphere. Si-Fe will react with nitrogen and generate Si3N4 in the N2-flowing atmosphere, while it will react with C or CO to produce SiC in CO atmosphere.

Fracture Behaviour of Pressureless Sintered Nickel-Reinforced Alumina Composites

Nickel-reinforced alumina composites have been manufactured by aqueous slip casting and pressureless sintered under flowing atmosphere of argon with 0,36 and 1% of oxygen in order to force interfacial reactions leading to the formation of a nickel-aluminum spinel. Colloidal stability of concentrated suspensions of alumina with 5, 10 and 15 vol% of nickel has been studied in terms of zeta potential, rheometry and packing density. The processed composites show a high dispersion of the nickel into the alumina matrix and green densities of 60-70 %th. The effect of sintering temperature and atmosphere on the mechanical behaviour of the composites has been investigated through Vickers indentation and fractographic SEM observations.

Control Over Al2O3 Phase by Use Of Polymer Precursors

ABSTRACTReaction of Et2AIOEt with ethylene glycol or catechol produced polymers of the general form -[-AI(OEt)-O-R-O-]-n, for R = CH2CH2 or C6H4, respectively. Pyrolytic conversion of these polymers to ceramic materials produced A12O3, at mild (∼500°C) temperatures under a flowing atmosphere of dry air. The crystal phase obtained from the thermolysis is highly dependent upon the degree of cross-linking present in the initial polymer. These results are discussed in terms of the required solid-state atomic reorganization necessary to proceed from polymer to ceramic.

Characterization of Crude Oil for Fireflooding Using Thermal Analysis Methods

To study the thermo-oxidative behavior of crude oils, differential thermal analysis and thermogravi-metric instruments were developed that could be used at 1,000 degrees F and 1,000 psig in a flowing atmosphere. Subsequently, 15 crude oils, ranging from 6 to 38 degrees API gravity, were used at pressures of 50, 500, and 1,000 psig. Both nitrogen and air atmospheres were used in the experiments. The results show that crude oils can be grouped into three types according to their thermo-oxidative characteristics. The gravity of the crude oils does not correlate well with these patterns. It is also shown that the dependence of fuel availability on temperature and pressure varies with different crude oils. Furthermore, crude oils generally gain weight in an air atmosphere in relation to the evaporation curve obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere at both low and high temperatures. This shows that the availability of oxygen at low temperatures changes drastically the quality and quantity of available fuel. The heat generated by low-temperature oxidation might be significant in fireflooding. Finally, a qualitative correlation of the results of thermal analysis with those of combustion-tube tests is indicated. Introduction A substantial investigative effort has been made over the years, bob in the laboratory and in the field to understand the mechanisms of fireflooding, and a general understanding of the process now exists. However, the many factors that affect the process and the interrelationships of these factors process and the interrelationships of these factors make the process a complicated one. This also makes it difficult to predict the behavior of combustion by simple means. The linear laboratory combustiontube test appears to be fairly standard in the industry. Even in this type of experimental approach translation of the linear tube-test results to the field is not always possible. Two of the most important factors in the combustion process are fuel deposition and oxidation. Unfortunately, these presently are also the factors about which the least is known. Fuel for the process is usually thought to be the heavy fraction of crude oil held in the pores after the fluid displacement. The rate of advance and the peak temperature of the combustion front depend on the amount of fuel, availability of oxygen, and the rate of fuel oxidation. In fact, fuel deposition and oxidation govern the ability to sustain forward combustion and strongly influence the economics of a combustion project. Attempts have been made to use the thermal analysis methods in connection with forward combustion. In particular, differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to study the oxidation of crude oil in porous media. DTA is a technique wherein energy changes in a substance are detected and measured as a function of time or temperature. In practice, the temperature of the sample is compared continuously with a reference material temperature. The difference in temperature is recorded. Another thermal analysis method is thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In this technique, a sample is weighed continuously as it is heated at a constant rate. The resulting curve of weight change vs time or temperature gives the TGA thermogram. The objective of this work was to study the thermo-oxidative behavior of crude oils using both DTA and TGA techniques to gain some insight into the combustion process, especially the fuel deposition and oxidation. At the same time, we hoped to obtain information useful for predicting the thermal behavior of crude oil in the combustion process. Toward this goal DTA and TGA process. Toward this goal DTA and TGA equipment was developed that could be used at 1000 degrees F and 1,000 psig in a flowing atmosphere. Fifteen crude oils in a wide gravity range (6 to 38 degrees API) were analyzed, and the results are reported here. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT For our purposes, it was necessary in the DTA block to have a porous matrix to hold the oil and provisions for flowing gas through the sample at provisions for flowing gas through the sample at pressures up to 1,000 psi. The DTA block used is pressures up to 1,000 psi. The DTA block used is shown schematically in Fig. 1. SPEJ P. 211