Case Study of Ground Fissures Generated by Liquefaction Following the Wenchan Earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 446-449 ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Fa Hai Yang ◽  
Wei Jun Liu ◽  
Xiao Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Ground Fissures ◽  
Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake ◽  
Flat Ground

Ground failure caused by liquefaction is a major cause of earthquake damage and casualties during many history earthquakes. The gravels liquefaction extensively occurred following the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake, and 70-80% liquefied sites generated lots of 100 meter to hundreds kilometer long and 5 centimeter to 50 centimeter wide ground fissures, which intersected house, farmland, etc. and caused serous damage. The mechanism of the building damage and ground fissures were investigated by borehole drilling and Multi-Channels Electricity Resistance Test. The detailed in-situ tests and comparison show that: (1) The building, whose foundation intersected by liquefaction, suffered more severe damages than its surrounding buildings; (2) The abundant ground fissures were generated by gravels liquefaction rather than the raptures or secondary faults; (3)The fundamental conditions for the generation of ground fissures by liquefaction are: flat ground surface (slop less than 3%), horizontal non uniform distribution of liquefiable soils.

Effects of corrosion on a steel bowstring bridge in marine environment: A case-study of assessment and retrofit

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-137
Author(s):  
Michele Fabio Granata
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Thermal Spray Coating ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Near Future

The case-study of a steel bowstring bridge set in a marine environment and highly damaged by corrosion is presented. The bridge was built in 2004 and was repainted for corrosion protection in 2010. Despite the recent construction and the maintenance interventions, many structural elements like hangers are highly damaged by corrosion with decreasing performance in terms of serviceability and ultimate limit states. A deep investigation was carried out in order to assess the bridge and to establish the necessary retrofit actions to be carried out in the near future. In-situ tests reveal the reduced performance of the original steel in terms of strength and corrosion protection, together with the inefficiency of the successive maintenance interventions. The paper presents assessment of the bridge and retrofit measures, including replacement of the hangers and galvanization through thermal spray coating technology, in order to increase its service life. The results of the investigations and the intervention measures are outlined and discussed.

Damage Assessment of Cultural Heritage Structures after the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: A Case Study of Jagannath Temple

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Shrestha ◽  
Bipin Shrestha ◽  
Manjip Shakya ◽  
Prem Nath Maskey
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Ambient Vibration ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Nepal Earthquake ◽  
Observed Damage

The Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake and the series of aftershocks that followed have damaged many heritage structures in and around Kathmandu Valley, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHSs). This paper summarizes observed damage to the heritage structures of diverse typologies within the UNESCO WHSs of Kathmandu Valley. As a part of the investigation, inspection survey and damage assessment were carried out for Jagannath Temple, one of the partially damaged monuments in the Kathmandu Durbar Square WHS. Ambient vibration and in-situ tests using the pendulum hammer, the rebound hammer, and in-place push on masonry walls were performed. Finite-element models of the structure were developed, and the results were analyzed and compared with field observations. Based on the observed damages and the results obtained from numerical modeling, the primary causes of the damage are discussed.

scholarly journals Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment—Case Study of the Educational Building after the Zagreb Earthquake

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6353
Author(s):  
Luka Lulić ◽  
Karlo Ožić ◽  
Tomislav Kišiček ◽  
Ivan Hafner ◽  
Mislav Stepinac
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Pushover Analysis ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Shear Strength Test ◽  
Extensive Program ◽  
Earthquake Damage Assessment

In the wake of recent strong earthquakes in Croatia, there is a need for a detailed and more comprehensive post-earthquake damage assessment. Given that masonry structures are highly vulnerable to horizontal actions caused by earthquakes and a majority of the Croatian building stock is made of masonry, this field is particularly important for Croatia. In this paper, a complete assessment of an educational building in Zagreb Lower Town is reported. An extensive program of visual inspection and geometrical surveys has been planned and performed. Additionally, an in situ shear strength test is presented. After extensive fieldwork, collected data and results were input in 3Muri software for structural modeling. Moreover, a non-linear static (pushover) analysis was performed to individuate the possible failure mechanisms and to compare real-life damage to software results.

scholarly journals In situ tests for water quality assessment: a case study in Pampean rivers

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (16) ◽  
pp. 4033-4040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel A.S Graça ◽  
Alberto Rodrı́gues-Capı́tulo ◽  
Carolina Ocón ◽  
Nora Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
In Situ Tests

scholarly journals Assessment and Rehabilitation of Culturally Protected Prince Rudolf Infantry Barracks in Zagreb after Major Earthquake

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Mija Milić ◽  
Mislav Stepinac ◽  
Luka Lulić ◽  
Nataša Ivanišević ◽  
Ivan Matorić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Heritage Protection ◽  
Observed Damage

Recently, Zagreb was struck by a strong earthquake. Damage throughout the city was tremendous due to numerous aged and vulnerable masonry buildings. Many damaged buildings are under a certain level of cultural heritage protection. Hence, reliable assessment and effective rehabilitation are important to preserve cultural significance and mitigate risk for human life. With that in mind, the procedure of a detailed condition assessment of the building under heritage protection is presented. A detailed historical background of the case study building is shown, and observed damage and conducted in situ tests are discussed. The nonlinear static seismic analysis performed in the 3Muri software is extensively elaborated. Four different levels of reconstruction according to new Croatian law are briefly presented. Additionally, several strengthening scenarios are proposed with various strengthening techniques.

scholarly journals In Situ Tests—Predicted vs. Observed Settlements: A Comparative Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neritan Shkodrani ◽  
Ergys Anamali ◽  
Luisa Dhimitri ◽  
Shpresa Gashi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
In Situ Tests

scholarly journals Assessment of human-induced vibrations of a cable-stayed footbridge

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 09001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Drygała ◽  
Joanna M. Dulinska ◽  
Marek Wazowski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Modal Assurance Criterion ◽  
Comfort Criteria ◽  
Abaqus Software

The primary purpose of this research is the evaluation of human-induced vibrations of a cable-stayed footbridge. The cable-stayed pedestrian bridge with total length of the span equal to 46.90 m located in Czestochowa (Southern Poland) was chosen as a case study. The footbridge consists of two spans (21.10 m and 25.80 m). A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of the footbridge was prepared with the ABAQUS software program. The dynamic properties of the structure, i.e. its natural frequencies, modes shapes and damping ratios, were estimated on the basis of the in situ tests results as well as numerical analysis. For the validation of the modal models the modal assurance criterion (MAC) theory was applied. In the next stage of the investigation the dynamic response of the structure to human-induced loading was evaluated. Finally, the vibration comfort criteria for the footbridge were checked.

scholarly journals Displacement Characteristics of Shallow-Buried Large-Section Loess Tunnel with Different Types of Pre-Supports: A Case Study of New Badaling Tunnel

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daoping Liu ◽  
Dingli Zhang ◽  
Qian Fang ◽  
Zhenyu Sun ◽  
Liqiang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Large Section ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Excavation Process ◽  
Ground Surface Settlement ◽  
The Face

Three-bench seven-step excavation method (TSEM) has been widely used in large-section loess tunnels for high-speed railway in China. As the most commonly applied pre-supports, pipe roofs and leading ductules are broadly used in the ground reinforcement of loess tunnels. Their application is to ensure face stability and prevent tunnel collapse during construction. This study focused on the impacts of the TSEM on the ground surface settlement (GSS), as well as the tunnel displacement characteristics for the high-speed railway tunnels with large cross-sections in loess ground. Furthermore, the reinforcement effects of the two kinds of pre-supports were compared in this study. In-situ tests for a total of 12 sections were conducted to reveal the GSSs and displacement characteristics for the shallow-buried large-section loess tunnels. The monitoring results showed that the excavation process plays a significant role on the GSSs and tunnel displacements. A maximum value was observed for the tunnel displacement rate at the excavation of the upper and middle benches, where the face instability or collapse were prone to occur. The GSS trough curves were deviated to the early excavation side, with no conformation to the Gauss distribution. After a series of comparisons, we concluded that the pre-reinforcement effect of the pipe roof is better than that of the leading ductule for the loess tunnels.

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