Research on Traditional Stone Buildings in West Hunan Rural Areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 450-451 ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Fang Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Natural Stone ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stone Slab ◽  
Stone Material

Stone buildings have long history in west Hunan, stone is one of the most important building material that has been widely used in traditional building, village and town constructions especially in rural mountainous minority areas where rock resource is abundant. Stone is natural and compatible with the environment. Buildings built with local natural stone material in west Hunan minority areas are worth studying considering sustainable development and culture protection. Stone slab masonry in the south with grey limestone slabs and rubble masonry in the north with brown rubbles are two different types. Stone dominates the exterior, while the interior and main structures are built of wood like most of the traditional Chinese buildings. Traditional building techniques are passed on in the stone buildings while they also form the unique culture image of west Hunan rural areas.

scholarly journals ACIDENTES COM TRATORES NAS REGIÕES BRASILEIRAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Isabela Oliveira Lima ◽  
Leonardo De Almeida Monteiro ◽  
Elivania Maria Sousa Nascimento ◽  
Rafaela Paula Melo ◽  
Mara Alice Maciel dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
The South ◽  
Inverse Distance Weighted ◽  
The North ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Distance Weighted ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Inverse Distance ◽  
Agricultural Machines

ACIDENTES COM TRATORES NAS REGIÕES BRASILEIRAS   ISABELA OLIVEIRA LIMA1; LEONARDO DE ALMEIDA MONTEIRO2; ELIVANIA MARIA SOUSA NASCIMENTO3; RAFAELA PAULA MELO4 E MARA ALICE MACIEL DOS SANTOS5   [1] Doutoranda em Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Bloco 804, s/n – Pici, cep:60455-760, Fortaleza - CE, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Professor Doutor, Universidade Federal do Ceará-UFC, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Bloco 804, s/n - Pici, cep:60455-760, Fortaleza - CE, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 3Doutoranda em Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Bloco 804, s/n - Pici, cep:60455-760, Fortaleza - CE, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 4Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Bloco 804, s/n - Pici, cep:60455-760, Fortaleza - CE, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 5Mestre e Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Bloco 804, s/n - Pici, cep:60455-760, Fortaleza - CE, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]   RESUMO: Acidentes de trabalho no meio rural estão se tornando cada dia mais frequentes, e se faz necessário a identificação destes para que se possa implementar medidas preventivas. Em consonância a essa busca o presente trabalho objetivou-se a mapear acidentes com máquinas agrícolas sucedidos no Brasil no período de janeiro de 2013 a maio de 2016, usando técnicas de geoprocessamento para a confecção dos mapas. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de um compilado de informações de acidentes ocorridos no período. Foram desenvolvidos mapas pelo IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted), permitindo a identificação das áreas de maior e menor concentração de acidentes. Os dados analisados foram submetidos a uma verificação da dependência espacial das variáveis, pela análise geoestatística, segundo Yamamoto e Landim (2015). Os resultados demonstram uma maior concentração de acidentes na região Sul do país. As regiões Sul e Norte apresentaram médias de acidentes iguais a do território nacional. A menor média de acidentes foi na região Nordeste (1,2 acidentes/Estado). As regiões Sul, Sudeste, Centro oeste e Nordeste apresentaram como modelo efeito pepita puro (EPP), enquanto que a região Norte apresentou modelo exponencial. O uso de ferramentas de SIG mostrou-se eficiente para o mapeamento dos acidentes com tratores nas regiões brasileiras.   Palavras-chaves: Segurança, Prevenção, Georreferenciamento, Mecanização agrícola.   ACCIDENTS WITH TRACTORS IN THE BRAZILIAN REGIONS   ABSTRACT: Accidents at work in rural areas are becoming more frequent, and their identification is necessary so that preventive measures can be implemented. In line with this search, the present work aimed to map accidents with agricultural machines succeeded in Brazil from January 2013 to May 2016, using geoprocessing techniques to make maps. Data were obtained from a compilation of information on accidents occurring in the period. Maps were developed by IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted), allowing the identification of areas with the highest and lowest concentration of accidents. Os dados analisados foram submetidos a uma verificação da dependência espacial das variáveis, pela análise geoestatística, segundo Yamamoto e Landim (2015). The results show a higher concentration of accidents in the southern region of the country. The South and North regions had accident averages equal to the national territory. The lowest average of accidents was in the Northeast region (1.2 accidents / State). The South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast regions presented as pure nugget effect (EPP) model, while the North region presented exponential model. The use of GIS tools proved to be efficient for the mapping of tractor accidents in the Brazilian regions.   Keywords: safety, prevention, georeferencing, agricultural mechanization.

scholarly journals Graffiti, stempels en tituli picti op amforen

1970 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 101-129
Author(s):  
Patrick Monsieur
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
The South ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Ancient Economy ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shed Light

In Roman times there was a massive import of olive-oil from Baetica (actualAndalusia) to feed the army at the Limes in Rhineland and Scotland. ThisMediterranean product was transported in large amphorae of the Dressel 20type that bear different types of epigraphy: graffiti, stamps en tituli picti (paintedinscriptions). The Low Countries forming the Hinterland took part inthis commerce, hence the discovery of large amounts of amphora fragments,still bearing regularly epigraphy. This written heritage is not only ill-knownand neglected in the Benelux, but also threatened because of the bad conditionsin which they are collected and stored. The information provided bythese epigraphical sources is of uppermost importance to the knowledge ofthe ancient economy in the Empire, as well in the south as in the north andrepresents an important witness of romanisation. They shed light on the productionof the amphorae and the olive-oil in Baetica, and on its commercialisationto the northern fringes of the Empire, giving at the same time thenames of all the people involved in these activities.

The winter seasons of 2013 and 2014 in the Ghazali monastery

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-398
Author(s):  
Artur Obłuski ◽  
Grzegorz Ochała ◽  
Cristobal Calaforra-Rzepka ◽  
Małgorzata Korzeniowska ◽  
Szymon Maślak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
The South ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
National Corporation ◽  
The North ◽  
Mediterranean Archaeology ◽  
The Church

The article reports on archaeological and conservation work carried out by the expedition of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw in cooperation with the Sudanese National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums in two consecutive seasons in the winter of 2013 and 2014. The excavations focused on the southeastern part of the site. They led to the discovery of a second monastic church (South Church) adjoining the church (North Church) known from Peter Shinnie’s work at the site, as well as a sanitary complex consisting of latrines and associated rooms located along the east wall of the monastery. Building material from the South Church, textual and pottery finds recovered during the two seasons, as well as conservation of the wall plaster preserved in the North Church are reported in this article.

Selected determinants of fertility in vietnam: age at marriage, marriage to first birth interval and age at first birth

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Luc ◽  
Nguyen Minh Thang ◽  
Ingrid Swenson ◽  
Pham Bich San
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Women ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
The South ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
The North

SummaryData from the 4172 women aged 15–49 interviewed in the 1988 Vietnamese Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine age at marriage, marriage to first birth intervals and age at first birth. Differences between urban and rural areas, northern and southern provinces and by education of the women were analysed.The majority of the women had their first birth before age 20, but women with secondary education had a significantly higher age at first birth than those with little or no education, and women from the north had a significantly higher age at first birth than women from the south. Rural women and those with little or no education married at significantly younger ages than urban women and those with secondary education; these education effects were confirmed in a rural subsample of women. Women from rural areas and from the north had significantly shorter marriage to first birth intervals than urban women and those from the south, but there were no significant effects related to education.

scholarly journals GeographicalDifference, Rural-urban Transition and Trend in Stroke Prevalence in China: Findings from a National Epidemiological Survey of Stroke in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Ru ◽  
Wenzhi Wang ◽  
Haixin Sun ◽  
Dongling Sun ◽  
Jie Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
The South ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Stroke Prevalence ◽  
Urban Rural

AbstractAccurate and up-to-date provincial and regional-level stroke prevalence estimates are important for research planning and targeted strategies for stroke prevention and management. However, recent and comprehensive evaluation is lacking over the past 30 years in China. This study aimed to examine the geographical variations in stroke prevalence based on data from the National Epidemiological Survey of Stroke in China (NESS-China) and demonstrate urban-rural transition and trend over three decades. The stroke prevalence (prevalence day, August 31, 2013) was estimated using the world standard population. The stroke prevalence was 873.4 per 100,000 population, and varied from 218.0 in Sichuan to 1768.9 in Heilongjiang. Stroke prevalence exhibited a noticeable north-south gradient (1097.1, 917.7, and 619.4 in the north, middle, and the south, respectively; P < 0.001) and showed a 2.0-fold, 1.5-fold, and 1.2-fold increase in rural areas in the north, the middle, and the south, respectively, from 1985 to 2013. Overall, stroke prevalence was higher in the rural regions than in the urban (945.4 versus 797.5, P < 0.001) regions. However, the converse was depicted in 12 provinces. A noticeable geographical variation in stroke prevalence was observed and was evolving overtime in China. It is imperative that effective public health policies and interventions be implemented, especially in those regions with higher prevalence.

The school drop-out or rather “push out” problem in the South and in the North

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Birgit Brock-Utne ◽  
Torill Aagot Halvorsen ◽  
Mwajuma Vuzo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
The South ◽  
Ethnographic Interviews ◽  
The North ◽  
School Drop Out ◽  
Out Of School

Both in developing countries in the South and developed countries in the North a large portion of pupils from each cohort drop out or, maybe more correctly described, are pushed out of school each year. In the South, there is also a considerable portion of school-aged children who do not attend school at all. The article examines selected data collected from ethnographic interviews, during a Norwegian ongoing longitudinal project, and a survey in Tanzania, and other developing countries. We ask the questions: What are the reasons for this situation? Are the reasons the same in the South as in the North? In this article examples will be given from a country in the North, Norway and a country in the South, Tanzania. What do we know about the reasons for dropping out of school in these two countries? Who are the children dropping out? From which social class do they come? Are they from urban or rural areas? Were there more boys or more girls? What happens to the children after they drop out of school? How much is the school itself to blame for the situation? How relevant is what is learnt in school to the life children lead and their job prospects? What could have been done differently in order to retain children in school in the South, exemplified by Tanzania, and the North exemplified by Norway?

scholarly journals Subnational estimates of maternal mortality in Nigeria: Analysis of female siblings’ survivorship histories. 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Opeyemi Oluwatosin Babajide ◽  
Joshua Odunayo Akinyemi ◽  
Olusola Ayeni
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
The South ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West

Abstract BACKGROUND High Maternal Mortality (MM) in Nigeria is further complicated by the lack of reliable estimates for subnational levels such as states and geopolitical regions. Disaggregating maternal mortality estimates by subnational levels is crucial to ensuring policy decisions and program implementation are adapted to areas with a high burden of mortality. This study involves a novel adaptation of small area estimation techniques to derive plausible estimates of levels and trends in Maternal Mortality rates and ratios for states and geopolitical regions in Nigeria. METHODS. Survivorship history data of 293,769 female siblings were provided by 114,154 women in the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys of 2008, 2013 and 2018. MM Rates and Ratios were estimated using the Empirical Bayesian technique for small area demographic estimates. The James-Stein estimator was used to shrink the estimates closer to the population mean values with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). RESULTS Levels of MMRatio were highest in the rural areas, States and regions in Northern Nigeria. MMRatio was consistently lower in the South West (2008=281; 2013=367; 2018=392) and higher among the Northern regions of the country, particularly the North-East (2008=654; 2013=612; 2018=901) for three consecutive surveys. Over the three surveys, mortality trends declined about 18% in the North West and 54.2% in the South East region. However, there was a 4.8% increase in MMRatio for South West between 2008 to 2018. CONCLUSIONS Nigeria has geopolitical and sub-national disparities that pose a burden to the country’s maternal health. Since several states in the Northern geopolitical zone still show high maternal mortality, targeted intervention at state levels should be explored to ensure that mothers who need help get it to ensure the sustainable development goals are met.

scholarly journals Localization index of farms in the period 2008-2016 in the rural areas of the South Central Region

2021 ◽  
Vol LXII (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Petar Marinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The South ◽  
Localization Index ◽  
South Central ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
The Eu

The rural development policy in Bulgaria is dictated by the accompanying facts, with approximately 45% of the population living in them, covering 85% of the territory. The study and analysis of the socio-economic processes in agriculture of smaller administrative units of the NUTS classification gives an accurate picture of the real situation. The operation of farms ensures the production of different types of agricultural production. Contributing to the formation of Gross Domestic Product and the fulfillment of commitments in relation to the EU Common Agricultural Policy. The application of the localization index for agricultural holdings in the rural areas of the South-Central Region in Bulgaria reveals their real economic status. The study of the specialization factor for agricultural holdings covers an eight-year period 2008-2016. The localization index is the basis for an analysis of the different types of economic processes and phenomena. It is also applicable in smaller administrative areas, namely in the rural municipalities of the South-Central Region.

scholarly journals Social Effects of Agglomeration. An Assessment of Intraregional Disparities in the South of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Anna MIKHAYLOVA ◽  
Vasilisa GOROCHNAYA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The South ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

The growth of cities against the background of transport infrastructure development has led to the formation of urban agglomerations as systems of interconnected cities. Rural areas are the foundation for the growth of new actively developing urban spatial systems and become donors of labour resources. The redistribution of population between the city and the country entails a number of social effects. This study aims to assess the impact of agglomeration processes on the social sphere of municipalities in the region. The main focus of the study is the dynamically developing monocentric agglomeration in the south of Russia – the Rostov agglomeration. The methodological approach is based on assessing the gaps between different types of municipalities depending on their territorial location relative to the agglomeration centre presented in four groups of social indicators: urbanization, labour mobility, housing, and quality of life. The Agglomeration Social Impact Index was calculated. We learned there is significant heterogeneity in the level of social development among different types of municipalities. The decisive effect on social gaps is exerted by three factors: agglomeration, urbanization, transport and logistics. The most favourable living conditions are found in the municipalities located in the immediate vicinity of the agglomeration core.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and associated risks factors in pregnant women of northern Durango, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (6, Nov-Dic) ◽  
pp. 875
Author(s):  
Rolando Adair Facio-Campos ◽  
Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel ◽  
Edgar Olivas-Calderon
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The North ◽  
Subsequent Investigation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Risks Factors ◽  
Desert Zone

Toxoplasmosis is caused by intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). T. gondii infection in pregnancy can result in serious consequences for the developing fetus or newborn, including spontaneous abortion, hydrocephalus, and even death (1).  The infection could be acquired by ingestion of food (raw or uncooked meat from infected animals), direct contact with cat feces or soil contaminated with oocysts.  In 2012 Caballero-Ortega et al., (2) found an increase in the toxoplasmosis distribution in the north region (35%) finding the highest prevalence in coastal regions (67.5%) of México. There is no data historic available about this seroprevalence, specifically of the “Comarca Lagunera” of Durango State. Moreover, previous study of T. gondii seroprevalence in Durango City showed that 6.1% of pregnant woman of urban areas and 8.2% of rural areas were found positives (3). In 2018, 434 pregnant women who used the Health Services of Durango State in the “Comarca Lagunera Region” were studied with an average age of 22.2 years (± 5.95); we found four (0.92%) IgG and none (0.0%) IgM antibodies anti-T. gondii (Table I). Consumption of dried meat (OR = 16.5; 95% CI 1.7 – 161.48; p= 0.01) and sheep and goat meat (OR = 15.61; 95% CI 1.1 – 224.05; p= 0.043) were associated factors to the infection. Number and different types of pets and cats was not associated with anti-T. gondii antibodies. The “Comarca Lagunera” of Durango being a cattle zone, frequently local meat is consumed in general, representing a possible risk factor. It is particularly interesting since this study’s seroprevalence was 0.91% in a small area of Durango State, differing from the global prevalence in the State.  Probably, this results could be due to Durango State having a geographical diversity, Durango capital is located in a valley, unlike the “Comarca Lagunera” region, which is a semi-desert zone with high environmental temperature (Up to 45°C), that could explain the reduced survival of oocysts which implies a subsequent investigation to this work.

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