Surface Finishing of Electrically Conductive Diamond Tools by Electrolytic Machining

2012 ◽  
Vol 565 ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Iwai ◽  
Kiyoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Complex Shape ◽  
Cvd Diamond ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surface Finishing ◽  
General View ◽  
Workpiece Material ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Electro Discharge Machining ◽  
Coated Tool

This paper deals with a new surface finishing method of electrically conductive diamond materials by making efficient use of an electrically conductive nature of the workpiece material, instead of conventional methods such as grinding, lapping and polishing using diamond abrasives. The authors focused on the electrolytic machining method and not on the electro discharge machining method for the two advantageous features of the electrolytic machining in addition to the general view that a better surface roughness could be obtained. One of those features is that no higher heat is generated at the machining point. This can eliminate a risk of the film delamination in the case where a workpiece is the CVD diamond coated tool. The other is that a wider machining gap is available between an electrode and a workpiece. This was thought to allow the electrolytic machining to be applied to a tool with a complex shape such as a drill and an endmill. Based on these concepts, electrolytic machining experiments were conducted on the electrically conductive diamond materials. From the results, it was found that the surface of the electrically conductive diamond could be smoothened enough by electrolytic machining though relatively long period of time was required.

From Micro to Nanometric Grain Size CVD Diamond Tools

2009 ◽  
Vol 1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia A. Almeida ◽  
Margarida Amaral ◽  
Ermelinda Salgueiredo ◽  
António J.S. Fernandes ◽  
Florinda M. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Material ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Cvd Diamond ◽  
Surface Finishing ◽  
Coated Tools ◽  
Drill Bits ◽  
Coated Tool ◽  
Wear Mode ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Hot Filament

ABSTRACTCVD diamond coated tools are developed for applications as different as turning of cemented carbides and bone drilling. The diamond films are deposited by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (HFCVD), with grain sizes varying from conventional micrometric (12 μm) to nanometric (< 100 nm) and film thickness up to 50 μm. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics are chosen for the base material in order to guarantee maximal adhesion. Both the micrometric and nanometric CVD diamond grades endure the cemented carbide turning showing slight cratering, having flank wear as the main wear mode. However, nanocrystalline diamond present the best behavior regarding cutting forces (<150 N) and tool wear (KM=30 μm, KT=2 μm and VB=110 μm) and workpiece surface finishing (Ra=0.2 μm). In the case of the dental drilling experiments, a polymeric laminated test block is used to simulate the human mandible and maxilla. The temperature rise during drilling is monitored to prevent overheating above 42–47 °C that is known to cause tissue death and implant failure. It is possible to drill with a CVD diamond Si3N4 coated tool with significantly lower forces (fourfold smaller), lower rise in temperature (4°C less), lower spindle speeds (100 rpm) and higher infeed rates (30 mm/min), when compared to the commercial steel (AISI 420) drill bits.

scholarly journals Combined Manufacturing Process of Copper Electrodes for Micro Texturing Applications (AMSME)

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2497
Author(s):  
Carlos J. Sánchez ◽  
Pedro M. Hernández ◽  
María D. Martínez ◽  
María D. Marrero ◽  
Jorge Salguero
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Surface Texturing ◽  
Surface Finishing ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Electro Discharge Machining ◽  
Detailed Surface ◽  
Made In

Surface texturing has brought significant improvements in the functional properties of parts and components. Sinker electro discharge machining (SEDM) is one of the processes which generates great texturing results at different scale. An electrode is needed to reproduce the geometry to be textured. Some geometries are difficult or impossible to achieve on an electrode using conventional and even unconventional machining methods. This work sets out the advances made in the manufacturing of copper electrodes for electro erosion by additive manufacturing, and their subsequent application to the functional texturing of Al-Cu UNS A92024-T3 alloy. A combined procedure of digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing, sputtering and micro-electroforming (AMSME), has been used to produce electrodes. Also, a specific laboratory equipment has been developed to reproduce details on a microscopic scale. Shells with outgoing spherical geometries pattern have been manufactured. AMSME process has shown ability to copper electrodes manufacturing. A highly detailed surface on a micrometric scale have been achieved. Copper shells with minimum thickness close to 300 µm have been tested in sinker electro discharge machining (SEDM) and have been shown very good performance in surface finishing operations. The method has shown great potential for use in surfaces texturing.

Voices of Spectators and Audience Power

Pólemos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Biet
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Dramatic Action ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Voice ◽  
The Way

AbstractTheatre and law are not so different. Generally, researchers work on the art of theatre, the rhetoric of the actors, or the dramaturgy built from law cases or from the questions that the law does not completely resolve. Trials, tragedies, even comedies are close: everybody can see the interpenetration of them on stage and in the courts. We know that, and we know that the dramas are made with/from/of law, we know that the art the actors are developing is not so far from the art of the lawyers, and conversely. In this paper, I would like to have a look at the action of the audience, at the session itself and at the way the spectators are here to evaluate and judge not only the dramatic action, not only the art of the actors, not only the text of the author, but also the other spectators, and themselves too. In particular, I will focus on the “common judgment” of the audience and on its judicial, aesthetic and social relationship. The spectators have been undisciplined, noisy, unruled, during such a long period that theatre still retains some prints of this behaviour, even if nowadays, the social and aesthetic rule is to be silent. But uncertainty, inattention, distraction, contradiction, heterogeneity are the notions which characterise the session, and the judgments of the spectators still depend on them. So, what was and what is the voice of the audience? And with what sort of voice do spectators give their judgments?

scholarly journals Job Satisfaction and Employee Engagement Contemporary Tools to Eliminate Stress Among work Force in an Organization

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2381-2383
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Work Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Behavior ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Utmost Care

Stress is a not a new word to the organizations. It is been a boiling subject from years ago as it is spread across the globe. To evade this, organizations tries to improve their employee’s satisfaction levels at job, so that a positive attitude can be inculcated among workforce. The other tool to abstain from mocking execution and deriding performance of an organization is employee’s engagement. It is a key which prompts hierarchical achievement and furthermore a fundamental factor to be considered while assessing stress. Stress cannot be eliminated from any organization but can be handled with utmost care to get good results. If stress is not managed well, it generates a negative behavior in workforce which destroys the end results or an organization fails to achieve its goals. If it continues for a long period of time, the result could be closure of an organization because over stress will reduce the employee performance. This research paper is expected to comprehend the reasons which lead to employee stress inside an organization, to discuss the variables which robustly correlate with stress level of employees and also to suggest the mechanism to overcome stress.

scholarly journals Study of pathological lesions in rats after the experimental administration of Lindane

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
N. PAPAIOANNOU (Ν. ΠΑΠΑΪΩΑΝΝΟΥ) ◽  
G. KELLER-SAMOUILIDOU (ΓΚ. ΚΕΛΛΕΡ-ΣΑΜΟΥΗΛΙΔΟΥ) ◽  
S. LEKKAS (Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ) ◽  
V. P. KOTSAKI-KOVATSI (Β. Π. ΚΩΤΣΑΚΗ-ΚΟΒΑΤΣΗ) ◽  
A. KOVATSI (Α. ΚΟΒΑΤΣΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coagulative Necrosis ◽  
Cardiac Muscle Cells ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Cross Striation ◽  
The Brain

In this experimental study, the lesions that are caused from the chemical substance Lindane were studied. Sixteen rats were used as experimental animals. The substance was orally administered, with food, to 10 rats (5 females and 5 males) in a dose of 8,2 mg/kg b.w./3 days during the first 10 days and in a dose of the 33 mg/kg b.w./ 2 days during the following 40 days. The remaining 6 rats (4 females and 2 males) were used as controls. The mainly clinical symptoms which were observed in the experimental animals, in the end of the experimentation, were anorexia, lethargy, hypothermia and muscular rigor. All the rats were sacrificed 5 days after the administration of the last dose of the substance and they were autopsied. In the macroscopical examination oedema and vascular hyperhaemia were observed in the brain. In the histological examination spongiosis of the white matter of the brain, interstitial pneumonia, oedema and loss of the cross striation of the cardiac muscle cells, coagulative necrosis of individual groups of hepatic cells and degeneration of the epithelial cells of the urinary tubules were detected. In conclusion, when Lindane is administered in subtoxical doses for a long period of time it is possible to cause damages to the organism of the experimental animals, which are located mainly in the brain and secondary in the liver, the kidneys and the other organs.

Twintig jaar politieke strijd rond de abortuswetgeving in België (1970-1990)

Res Publica ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-487
Author(s):  
Els Witte
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

Tbe struggle for the liberalization of the law on abortion began in Belgium in 1970 when the taboo was breached in an initial bill. However, support by pressure groups failed and this led to a long period of nondecision, which may be explained by the disunity in the camp of the supporters on the one hand and the blocking tactics of the Flemish Christian Democrats on the other. In 1986 a compromise between supporters finally emerged, and via a majority which cut right through the governmental coalition an abortion law was approved at the end of March 1990, which closely corresponds to British, French and Dutch legislation.  The catholic monarch's refusal to ratify the bill caused a political crisis which was solved by the unanimous signing by the assembled ministers.

«Liberdades e Direitos» No Horizonte da Soberania

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 151-175
Author(s):  
Viriato Soromenho-Marques ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Political Tradition ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of

The common ground and dissimilarities in the reciprocal influence between two apparently identical concepts in the Contemporary western political tradition - freedom and liberty - are dealt in this paper. The author tries to tackle the interrelated genealogy both of freedom and liberty categories, in the long period opened by the English Civil War and closed by the conflicting reactions to the French Revolution. The sovereignty concept on the other hand allows the reader to understand the ongoing dynamic of the crucial philosophical relationship of these two central concepts.

境外資金匯回管理運用及課稅條例適用爭議問題研究

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 160-199
Author(s):  
封昌宏 封昌宏
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Taiwanese People ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Trade War

受到國際反避稅、稅務金融資訊交換、國際反洗錢及中美貿易戰等因素的影響，臺灣的稅務居民已意識到，資金停留在境外不是最安全的地方，許多人想將境外的資金匯回。但要匯回資金首先要面對課稅的問題，因為這些多年來在境外所累積的資金，很可能涉及有應課稅的所得。為了迎接這波的資金匯回，財政部提出了一部專為資金匯回制定的法律，解除資金匯回的課稅疑慮。但財政部在執行面卻又顯得保守，造成申請人以扭曲的行為來適用的這部專法，造成更多的爭議問題。本文就這些爭議問題，提出評析。Under the influence of international anti-tax avoidance, tax financial information exchange, international anti-money laundering and Sino-US trade war, Taiwan’s tax residents have realized that it is not relative safer to park their funds abroad and therefore, many Taiwanese people desire to repatriate overseas funds back to Taiwan. However, we need to face the first issue of taxation of possible taxable income accumulated abroad for a long period. In order to encourage the wave of repatriated offshore funds, the Ministry of Finance has specifically proposed a law to relieve the taxation doubts on repatriated funds. In the other hand, the Ministry of Finance has imposed a conservative manner on implementation, leading to applicants’ distorted behavior to apply for this law, which evokes more controversial issues. This article presents an analysis of these controversial issues.

Yiddish as an Expression of Jewish Cultural Identity in Galicia and Vienna

1999 ◽  
pp. 164-176
Author(s):  
Gabriele Kohlbauer-Fritz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Long Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Austrian Capital ◽  
Cultural Movement

This chapter illustrates the backwardness of Yiddish in the easternmost province of the Habsburg Empire. In Galicia, Yiddish language and culture developed quite differently and at a much slower pace than in the other parts of Poland and Russia. At a time when the works of Isaac Leib Peretz, Mendele Mokher Seforim, and Sholem Aleichem were flourishing elsewhere, Yiddish culture in Galicia was still underdeveloped, emerging only fleetingly at the beginning of the twentieth century, inspired by the political and social movements that encouraged Jewish national self-awareness. No doubt one reason for this long period of dormancy was the particular historical situation that resulted from the policies of the Habsburg regime. Thus, a history of the Yiddish-language movement in Galicia and the Austrian capital, Vienna, must also be an account of its failure. The chapter shows that it was precisely in Galicia that a thriving cultural symbiosis emerged among the coexisting national groups, and this symbiosis had a substantial impact on the Yiddish cultural movement. Yet competition from the Polish and German languages ultimately ousted Yiddish almost completely.

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