Fundamental Studies on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR-30) and Montmorillonite Clay

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Piriyapol Yokkhun ◽  
Bencha Thongnuanchan ◽  
Charoen Nakason
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Mmt Clay ◽  
Internal Mixer

The present study focused on investigating the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of nanocomposites based on epoxidized natural rubber with 30 mol% epoxide (ENR-30)/nanoclay. ENR-30 based nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding in an internal mixer and cured using a conventional sulphuric system. Two types of nanoclays were used in this study, sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay and Na-MMT that had been modified with octadecylamine, also referred to as OC-MMT. Overall results show that OC-MMT was more efficient in enhancing the mechanical properties of the ENR-30 nanocomposite than Na-MMT. This was probably attributed to the higher interlayer distance of OC-MMT, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction results. The incorporation of OC-MMT into ENR-30 led to an increase in both the maximum torque (MH) and torque difference (MH-ML), which suggested an increase in the stiffness and crosslink density of the nanocomposite, respectively. A pronounced improvement in the tensile strength of the ENR-30/OC-MMT nanocomposite as compared to the unfilled ENR-30 was observed at 5 phr of OC-MMT, which appeared to be an optimum loading level. However, a gradual reduction in the elongation at break was observed with increasing OC-MMT loading.

Influence of Epoxide Levels in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) Molecules on Cure Characteristics, Dynamic Properties and Mechanical Properties of ENR/Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposites

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
Piriyapol Yokkhun ◽  
Bencha Thongnuanchan ◽  
Charoen Nakason
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
Layered Silicates ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics

Nanocomposites based on epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) with various levels of epoxide groups (i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mol%) and organoclay were prepared by melt mixing process. The organoclay employed in this study was montmorillonite clay modified by octadecylamine (OC-MMT). Cure characteristics, dynamic properties and mechanical properties of ENRs nanocomposites filled with 5 phr of OC-MMT were studied. In all cases, X-ray diffraction results indicated intercalation of ENRs into the silicate interlayer as an increase in the interlayer distance of layered silicates was observed. The maximum torque and torque difference of ENRs nanocomposites increased with increasing levels of epoxide groups in ENRs. Additionally, it was also found that the tan δ value at Tg of the ENR-50 nanocomposite was much lower than those of other types of ENRs nanocomposite. This indicates stronger interaction between ENR-50 and OC-MMT. However, ENR-50 nanocomposite showed the poorest elasticity in term of the tan δ value at the ambient temperature compared to other types of ENRs nanocomposites. A good balance between strength and elasticity was also observed in the ENR-30 nanocomposite. These results are also consistent with the observation that tensile strength and elongation at break of ENR-30 nanocomposite were higher than those of other types of ENRs nanocomposites.

Effect of Curing System on Morphological, Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Polypropylene

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 690-695
Author(s):  
Hua Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Mao Fang Huang ◽  
Qi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rheological Analysis ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates ◽  
Internal Mixer

Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and polypropylene (PP) were prepared in an internal mixer at 180°C. The effects of curing systems (i.e., sulfur and peroxide) on morphological, rheological, thermal and mechanical properties were studied. It is found that the sulfur cured TPVs show higher tensile strength, tear strength and elongation at break than those cured with the DCP systems. The rheological analysis indicates that TPVs cured with DCP system show lower apparent shear viscosity than those with sulfur system. SEM studies show that TPVs vulcanized with DCP system exhibit smaller and finely dispersed rubber domains, which provides it higher thermal stability than sulfur cured TPVs.

Processing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Chitosan/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 912-915
Author(s):  
Guang Lu ◽  
Hong Hai Huang ◽  
He Ping Yu ◽  
Yong Zhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Mooney Viscosity ◽  
Internal Mixer ◽  
Processing Properties ◽  
Minimum Torque

In an attempt to improve the properties of natural rubber-based medical products, natural rubber (NR) was blended with chitosan (CS) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in an laboratory type internal mixer, with the total amount of CS and PHB is of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 parts per hundred rubber (phr) , and CS and PHB is of a ratio of 1:1. The testing for processing properties of NR/CS/PHB compounds showed that the Mooney viscosity of NR/CS/PHB compounds increased with the addition of 1.0 phr CS/PHB and then decreased with increase in CS/PHB content, but the Mooney viscosity of each NR/CS/PHB compound was higher than that of NR compound; the minimum torque (ML) increased only slightly, while the maximum torque (MH) increased gradually, with increase in NR/CS/PHB content; thescorching tendency of NR/CS/PHB compounds increased with the increase in CS/PHB content; the optimum cure time (t90) decreased firstly, then increased with increase in CS/PHB content, and was not greatly different from that of NR compound. The results of mechanical properties of NR/CS/PHB vulcanizates showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break deceased, whereas the 300% and 500% moduli, tear strength and hardness increased, with increase in CS/PHB content.

Toughness Enhancement of Polylactic Acid by Employing Glycolyzed Polylactic Acid-Cured Epoxidized Natural Rubber

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 580-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phrutsadee Sukpuang ◽  
Mantana Opaprakasit ◽  
Atitsa Petchsuk ◽  
Pakorn Opaprakasit
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Solvent Fractionation ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Internal Mixer ◽  
Toughness Enhancement

Glycolyzed polylactic acid (GPLA)-cured epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is developed for use as a toughening agent for PLA resin. GPLA is obtained from chemical recycling of PLA resin by a glycolysis reaction. GPLA-cured ENR is then prepared by the crosslinking reaction of ENR with GPLA in an internal mixer. Chemical structures of the cured products are characterized by solvent fractionation and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cured ENR products are blended with PLA resin, by varying the cured ENR contents from 5 to 15% wt. Mechanical properties of the blends, and their toughening mechanisms are examined. The cured ENR materials has higher efficiency in improving toughness of PLA resin, compared to uncured ENR, likely due to their rubbery network nature and higher compatibility with the PLA matrix. The incorporation of 5% wt. GPLA-cured ENR also improves elongation at break with no adverse effect on tensile strength and modulus of PLA.

Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption in Wheat Gluten by Epoxidized Natural Rubber

2019 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
Kantima Chaochanchaikul
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Opposite Behavior ◽  
Internal Mixer

TThe aims of this research work were to improve touhgness and water resistance of wheat gluten (WG) by epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) compared to glycerol. WG specimens were mixed and prepared by internal mixer and compression molding machine, respectively. ENR and glycerol were varied from 10 to 40 wt%. Effects of modifier types and contents on WG were evaluated by tensile, impact and water absorption testings and microstructure and thermal analyses. The increase of ENR or glycerol contents led to the increase of toughness by considering the increase of impact strength and elongation at break. Glass transition temperature of WG tended to decrease with the increase of ENR or glycerol contents, especially for glycerol. The presence of glycerol affected to the decomposition temperature values whereas ENR did not affect to decomposition. ENR improved water resistant of WG specimen but trend of glycerol showed the opposite behavior. Weight loss of modified WG with glycerol was found at immersion time of 1440 min.

Mixing Methods Influencing on Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Polypropylene Thermoplastic Vulcanizates

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chesidi Hayichelaeh ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
Anoma Thitithammawong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates ◽  
Mixing Method ◽  
Internal Mixer

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/Polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic vulcanizates were prepared by melt mixing method in an internal mixer. Influences of different mixing methods for incorporation of processing oil into the TPVs on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the TPVs and crystallinity of the PP were investigated. Results show that distribution of processing oil in the ENR/PP TPV is important due to the processing oil can promote and in the same time can interrupt an improvement in elastomeric properties of the TPV. Incorporation of processing oil into the ENR phase by preparation of oil extended ENR (the mixing method 1) before mixing with the PP was the better way to produce the TPV. It promoted the TPV with superior tensile and dynamic mechanical properties than the TPVs prepared from the mixing method 2 and 3 in which the processing oil was directly added into the PP phase. Furthermore, the TPV from the mixing method 1 had less effect of processing oil on the PP crystallization.

Irradiation Modification of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Yatim Norazlina ◽  
Yusof Faridah ◽  
Chantara Thevy Ratnam ◽  
Iis Sopyan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Elongation At Break

The effect of irradiation on the mechanical properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Nanotubes (ENR/EVA/CNTs) nanocomposites were investigated. CNTs at various amount (2, 3, 4 and 6 wt%) were incorporated into ENR50 by solvent casting method. The ENR/CNTs were then blended with EVA by mixing in a Brabender Plasticoder at 120°C. Next, the samples were irradiated by using electron beam with 3 MeV electron beam machine in a dose range of 50 to 200 kGy. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength (Ts), modulus at 100% elongation (M100), elongation at break (Eb) and hardness of reinforced ENR/EVA/CNTs nanocomposites were studied as a function of radiation dose. It was found that, the Ts and M100 has increased almost 2 times compared to the nanocomposites without irradiation up to 150 kGy dose of radiation, and a downward trend thereafter. Gel fraction further confirmed the powerful energy of electron beam radiation result in irradiation-induced crosslinking and further enhanced mechanical properties of the nanocomposites.

Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanograins on Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2017 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudeerat Suntako
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Permanent Set

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanograins are synthesized by precipitation method filled epoxidized natural rubber compared to conventional ZnO. The synthesized ZnO nanograins are characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and found that average primary size of ZnO synthesized around 40 nm and the specific surface area of 28.72 m2 g-1. Furthermore, the cure characteristics, rubber mechanical properties and permanent set were investigated. The obtained results are found that the ZnO nanograins significantly affected to cure characteristics, rubber mechanical properties and permanent set. This is due to small grain size and large specific surface area.

Cure Characteristic and Mechanical Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Chloroprene (ENR/CR) Blends

2010 ◽  
Vol 93-94 ◽  
pp. 631-634
Author(s):  
Chanchai Thongpin ◽  
Piyaporn Niltui ◽  
Piyapong Sornwaneenawakhun ◽  
Tossaporn Maneeprom ◽  
Saovaros Malithong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Cure Characteristic ◽  
Two Phases

Epoxidized Natural rubber (ENR) with the epoxide content of 40 % was prepared and blended with various contents of chloroprene rubber (CR) and 50 phr of carbon black. The cure characteristic, mechanical properties and the effect of gasohol E-85 on the mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizate were studied. It was revealed from cure characteristic results, tested by Moving Die Rheometer (MDR), that minimum torque of the rubber compounds increased with the content of CR whereas maximum torque tended to increase at the content of 10 phr and decrease after this content, of which the values agreed well with the modulus at 100% elongation in rubber vulcanizates. Considering characteristic scorch and cure time, the values increased with the CR contents. It was clear from the result that at the ENR:CR ratio of 90:10, modulus of 100% elongation and tear strength exhibited the highest values. It was also found that the mechanical properties of the blend vulcanizates were slightly suffered by gasohol E85 except for tear strength. It was understood that this must be because of the effect of the phase continuity and crosslinking that occurred differently in two phases. The phase morphology of the blends were also investigated and reported in the research.

Influence of Filler Types on Mechanical Properties and Cure Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 264-265 ◽  
pp. 646-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wittawat Wongsorat ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Fiber Treatment ◽  
Cure Time

Natural rubber (NR) was reinforced with three types of filler: carbon black, calcium carbonate, and sisal fiber. NR composites were prepared on a two-roll mill. Filler content was 20 phr. Mechanical properties and cure characteristics of NR composites were studied. All NR composites had higher maximum torque than NR. NR filled with carbon black showed the highest maximum torque. However, scorch time and cure time of the NR composites were not much affected by filler types. In addition, influence of fiber treatment (alkalization) on mechanical properties and cure characteristics of sisal fiber-NR composites was investigated. Alkali treated sisal fiber-NR composite exhibited higher tensile properties and hardness than untreated sisal fiber- NR composite due to improved adhesion between the fiber and NR matrix. Moreover, alkali treated sisal fiber-NR composite had superior specific modulus and strength than NR composites filled with carbon black and calcium carbonate.

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