Advances in Small Scale Water Energy Systems and Distribution Model for Micro-Urban Development in Slovak Republic and Taiwan R.O.C.

2013 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štefan Tkáč ◽  
Zuzana Vranayová
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Long Distance

Currently Taiwan and Slovakia import over 90% of energy consumables annually. High energy import rates make both countries viably engaged in research on renewable resources, also green planning policy has been proposed. Population is concentrated in the major cities which are facing energy deficiency issues. The unregulated development of micro-urban areas is underestimated in both cases so are the energy issues bound with them. Centralized energy sources require long distance wires to support remote areas. The proposed urban idea consists of energy resource decentralization by detailed focus on micro-urban development through the combination of accurate hydro distribution system for direct energy production in a place of consumption as a part of the autarchic micro-urban grids arranged in efficiency electric power grid circles calculated by loses in wiring. This urban energy model binds micro-urban structures in one solid network and at the same time creates local smart energy communities built up on each individual dwelling unit that can produce energy for itself from renewable resources locally available and support the local micro-urban public grid or even support nearest city public grid. Hydro energy is so far the most common, stable and efficient renewable resource in use. Water turbines efficiency has gone up to 96%. Proposed new multi-purpose small hydro type is one of the preliminary small scale systems that could be precisely tailored to micro-urban demands. It could stand by for direct use if needed and also use various types of working mediums (e.g. compressed gas, steam, water).

The Use of Tailored Micro-Hydro System in Micro-Urban Scale as a Partial Presumption for Creating the Autarchic Micro-Urban Structures

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 1264-1267
Author(s):  
Stefan Tkac ◽  
Zuzana Vranayova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Compressed Gas ◽  
Direct Use

High energy import rates (over 90% per year) make both countries (Taiwan R.O.C. and Slovak Republic), viably engaged in research on renewable resources, also green planning policy has been proposed. Population is concentrated in the major cities which are facing energy deficiency issues; the unregulated development of micro-urban areas is underestimated in both cases so are the energy issues bound with them. Centralized energy sources require long distance wires to support remote areas; hydro energy is so far the most common, stable and efficient renewable resource in use. Water turbine’s efficiency has gone up to 96%; a proposed new multi-purpose small hydro type is one of the preliminary small scale systems that could be precisely tailored to micro-urban demands. It could stand by for direct use if needed and also use various types of working mediums (e.g. compressed gas, steam, water).

The "Efficiency Electric Power Grid Circles" an Ideal Micro-Urban Development Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
Stefan Tkac ◽  
Zuzana Vranayova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Electric Power Grid ◽  
Development Approach

Population is concentrated in the major cities which are facing the energy deficiency issues. The unregulated development of micro-urban areas is underestimated in both cases (Slovak Republic and Taiwan R.O.C.) so are the energy issues bound with them. Centralized energy sources require long distance wires to support remote areas.

New paradigms in urban water management for conservation and sustainability

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea G. Capodaglio ◽  
Paolo Ghilardi ◽  
Joanna Boguniewicz-Zablocka
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Landscape Planning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Volumes

In order to achieve a sustainable degree of water resources usage, new paradigms in urbanized basins planning must be adopted. Worldwide urbanized areas total population has overcome in 2010, its rural counterpart. While urbanization can be a powerful driver of sustainable development, as the higher population density enables governments to more easily deliver essential infrastructure and services in urban areas at relatively low cost per capita, these benefits do not materialize automatically and inevitably. Water bodies are usually severely hit and impaired by poorly planned urbanization. Old water resources planning paradigms must be abandoned and new ones, which include the connection of ‘green cities’ and their infrastructure with new modes of drainage and landscape planning and improved consideration of receiving waters, ought to be adopted. These must not only be environmentally and ecologically sound, but also functionally and aesthetically attractive to the public. New eco-cities shall no longer rely on excessive water volumes withdrawn from often distant surface and groundwater sources, with a once-only use of the resource, and large water losses due to leaks and evapotranspiration. Long-distance transfer of wastewater and high energy usage and emissions for its treatment should be avoided by distributed and decentralized integrated water/wastewater management. Effluent-domination shall no longer be a characteristic of urbanized river basins. The paper examines some of the paradigms that have been proposed for improving integrated water resources management in urban basins and illustrates some recent examples whether already implemented or still at the proposal stage.

scholarly journals Impact Assessment of Electric Car Charging on LV Grids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEERIN AHMAD
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Load Flow ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Electric Car

The market for electric cars is presently limited but it is expected to increase rapidly due to the increased environmental concern and technological advancements. Currently, car companies are designing electric cars for daily urban use, therefore in the near future, urban areas might have a large number of electric cars running on their streets during the day. It is obvious that these electric cars need to be recharged for further use which will be done in the evening or during the night. Due to their high-energy capacity, mass deployment of electric cars will have a significant impact on the distribution system, mostly on the LV grid by affecting the network voltage profiles and the loading of the grid elements such as transformer, etc. This impact will call the design of electric cars interface devices and the way future distribution system will be designed and controlled. In this thesis, we discussed briefly the technology behind the electric vehicles, different components, and working operation of EVs, most commonly used batteries and time to charge these batteries. We also discussed the different levels of charging and the required charging infrastructure to charge the EVs. In the next part, we have focused on the global market of EVs, especially in the European Union and Hungary, and the electric grid in Hungary, the present status of current load and future load in Budapest and in the country. Then we discussed the impacts caused by EVs on the grid and mitigation of these impacts by using different methods. Finally, we model the LV grid in the DigSilent Powerfactory software with parameters such as power factor and base active power of household loads and electric cars. Then, we run the load flow analysis to know how the power flows across each load varies and time-sweep analysis to know the loading on the transformer, voltages, and currents at different bus-bars and terminals. Then, we analyzed the obtained results to acquire the possible issues that electric car charging might have on the LV grid.

Problems of Development of Small and Medium Russian Towns

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
V V. Kafidov ◽  
V. N. Filippov ◽  
I. P. Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
New Buildings

The presented study addresses the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia. Aim. The study aims to examine a town as a socio-economic environment where its residents exist and as the fundamental factor for the development of society.Tasks. The authors identify key problems in the development of small and medium Russian towns, which interferes with the historical appearance and has a negative impact on the living environment.Methods. Problems in the development of small and medium towns in Russia are examined using theoretical methods: systematic approach, statistical analysis, social and philosophical analysis.Results. The study identifies the main negative effects of the existing model of development of small and medium Russian towns, such as destruction of their historical and cultural appearance, distortion of the overall architectural motif, increased load on communications, and congestion of the transport infrastructure.Conclusions. At the current stage, efficient development of small and medium towns in Russia is impossible within the framework of the existing infill development. This chaotic process cannot be stopped without a new conceptual approach and changes in the legislative and normative framework of urban development. The only factor that determines the boundaries of the existing approach to urban development is the lack of physical space for new buildings in urban areas. The authors formulate proposals that would help to solve the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia. 

Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants by the Microbial Film Process

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Iwai ◽  
Y. Oshino ◽  
T. Tsukada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Fishing Villages ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Microbial Film

Although the ratio of sewer systems to population in Japan has been improving in recent years, the construction of sewer systems in small communities such as farming or fishing villages, etc. had lagged behind that of urban areas. However, construction of small-scale sewer systems in farming and fishing villages has been actively carried out in recent years. This report explains the history of the promotion of small-scale sewer systems, why submerged filter beds are being employed in many cases, and introduces the design, operation and maintenance of representative waste-water treatment plants in farming and fishing villages which incorporate de-nitrogen and dephosphorization.

scholarly journals An Optimized Approach for Extracting Urban Land Based on Log-Transformed DMSP-OLS Nighttime Light, NDVI, and NDWI

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Yuanmao Zheng ◽  
Qiang Zhou ◽  
Yuanrong He ◽  
Cuiping Wang ◽  
Xiaorong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Nighttime Light

Quantitative and accurate urban land information on regional and global scales is urgently required for studying socioeconomic and eco-environmental problems. The spatial distribution of urban land is a significant part of urban development planning, which is vital for optimizing land use patterns and promoting sustainable urban development. Composite nighttime light (NTL) data from the Defense Meteorological Program Operational Line-Scan System (DMSP-OLS) have been proven to be effective for extracting urban land. However, the saturation and blooming within the DMSP-OLS NTL hinder its capacity to provide accurate urban information. This paper proposes an optimized approach that combines NTL with multiple index data to overcome the limitations of extracting urban land based only on NTL data. We combined three sources of data, the DMSP-OLS, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the normalized difference water index (NDWI), to establish a novel approach called the vegetation–water-adjusted NTL urban index (VWANUI), which is used to rapidly extract urban land areas on regional and global scales. The results show that the proposed approach reduces the saturation of DMSP-OLS and essentially eliminates blooming effects. Next, we developed regression models based on the normalized DMSP-OLS, the human settlement index (HSI), the vegetation-adjusted NTL urban index (VANUI), and the VWANUI to analyze and estimate urban land areas. The results show that the VWANUI regression model provides the highest performance of all the models tested. To summarize, the VWANUI reduces saturation and blooming, and improves the accuracy with which urban areas are extracted, thereby providing valuable support and decision-making references for designing sustainable urban development.

scholarly journals Canard optimization for enhancing the performance of small horizontal axis wind turbine at low wind speeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Yui-Chuin Shiah ◽  
Chia Hsiang Chang ◽  
Yu-Jen Chen ◽  
Ankam Vinod Kumar Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Power Coefficient ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Low Wind Speeds

ABSTRACT Generally, the environmental wind speeds in urban areas are relatively low due to clustered buildings. At low wind speeds, an aerodynamic stall occurs near the blade roots of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), leading to decay of the power coefficient. The research targets to design canards with optimal parameters for a small-scale HAWT system operated at variable rotational speeds. The design was to enhance the performance by delaying the aerodynamic stall near blade roots of the HAWT to be operated at low wind speeds. For the optimal design of canards, flow fields of the sample blades with and without canards were both simulated and compared with the experimental data. With the verification of our simulations, Taguchi analyses were performed to seek the optimum parameters of canards. This study revealed that the peak performance of the optimized canard system operated at 540 rpm might be improved by ∼35%.

scholarly journals Variations in Levels and Sources of Atmospheric VOCs during the Continuous Haze and Non-Haze Episodes in the Urban Area of Beijing: A Case Study in Spring of 2019

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Lihui Zhang ◽  
Xuezhong Wang ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Nianliang Cheng ◽  
Yujie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Photochemical Reaction ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Source Contributions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Haze Days

To better evaluate the variations in concentration characteristics and source contributions of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during continuous haze days and non-haze days, hourly observations of atmospheric VOCs were conducted using a continuous on-line GC-FID (Airmo VOC GC-866) monitoring system during 1–15 March 2019, in urban areas of Beijing, China. The results showed that the total VOC concentrations during haze days and non-haze days were 59.13 ± 31.08 μg/m3 and 16.91 ± 7.19 μg/m3, respectively. However, the average O3 concentrations during the two haze days were lower than those of non-haze days due to the extremely low concentrations at night instead of the reported lower photochemical reaction in daytime. The ratio of OH radical concentration during haze and non-haze days indicating that the rate of photochemical reaction during haze days was higher than those of non-haze days from 13:00–19:00. The stable air conditions and the local diesel emission at night were the main reasons for the decreased O3 concentrations during haze days. Six major sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), namely, diesel exhaust, combustion, gasoline evaporation, solvent usage, gasoline exhaust, and the petrochemical industry, contributing 9.93%, 25.29%, 3.90%, 16.88%, 35.59% and 8.41%, respectively, during the whole observation period. The contributions of diesel exhaust and the petrochemical industry emissions decreased from 26.14% and 6.43% during non-haze days to 13.70% and 2.57%, respectively, during haze days. These reductions were mainly ascribed to the emergency measures that the government implemented during haze days. In contrast, the contributions of gasoline exhaust increased from 34.92% during non-haze days to 48.77% during haze days. The ratio of specific VOC species and PMF both showed that the contributions of gasoline exhaust emission increased during haze days. The backward trajectories, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) showed that the air mass of VOCs during haze days was mainly affected by the short-distance transportation from the southwestern of Hebei province. However, the air mass of VOCs during non-haze days was mainly affected by the long-distance transportation from the northwest.

scholarly journals Understanding Spatial Variability of NO2 in Urban Areas Using Spatial Modelling and Data Fusion Approaches

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Said Munir ◽  
Martin Mayfield ◽  
Daniel Coca
Keyword(s):  
Data Fusion ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The City

Small-scale spatial variability in NO2 concentrations is analysed with the help of pollution maps. Maps of NO2 estimated by the Airviro dispersion model and land use regression (LUR) model are fused with measured NO2 concentrations from low-cost sensors (LCS), reference sensors and diffusion tubes. In this study, geostatistical universal kriging was employed for fusing (integrating) model estimations with measured NO2 concentrations. The results showed that the data fusion approach was capable of estimating realistic NO2 concentration maps that inherited spatial patterns of the pollutant from the model estimations and adjusted the modelled values using the measured concentrations. Maps produced by the fusion of NO2-LCS with NO2-LUR produced better results, with r-value 0.96 and RMSE 9.09. Data fusion adds value to both measured and estimated concentrations: the measured data are improved by predicting spatiotemporal gaps, whereas the modelled data are improved by constraining them with observed data. Hotspots of NO2 were shown in the city centre, eastern parts of the city towards the motorway (M1) and on some major roads. Air quality standards were exceeded at several locations in Sheffield, where annual mean NO2 levels were higher than 40 µg/m3. Road traffic was considered to be the dominant emission source of NO2 in Sheffield.

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