Phase Transformation of Diatomite during Magnesiothermic Reduction Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 833 ◽  
pp. 230-233
Author(s):  
Shu Yue Liu ◽  
Ming Hao Fang ◽  
Zhao Hui Huang ◽  
Hai Peng Ji ◽  
Xin Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Magnesiothermic Reduction ◽  
Magnesium Vapor ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Low Reaction Temperature ◽  
Hcl Solution ◽  
Reduction Effectiveness

In this study the phase behavior of diatomite during magnesiothermic reduction process was investigated. Two packing routes were adopted to estimate the reduction effectiveness at a low reaction temperature of 650 °C for 2h. The phase and microstructure evolution of diatomite were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS. The results show that diatomite was sucessessfully reduced by the magnesium vapor and reaction products were Si, MgO, and Mg2Si when the raw diatomite was blended with Mg powder. Mg2Si and MgO were alternatively and incompletely dissolved after being immersed in a 1 M HCl solution for 6 h. Meanwhile, the reactant molar ratio had an important influence on products when the raw diatomite was separated with the Mg powder. A small amount of diatomite was reacted to generate MgO and Mg2Si as the molar ratio of Mg and diatomite was 2:1. By contrast, with the molar ratio increasing to be 10:1, diatomite was completely reacted to be Mg2Si and MgO.

scholarly journals Phase transformation involved in the reduction process of magnesium oxide in calcined dolomite by ferrosilicon with additive of aluminum

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
Hongzhou Ma ◽  
Zhixian Wang ◽  
Yaoning Wang ◽  
Dingding Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Magnesium Vapor ◽  
Oxide Reduction ◽  
Internal Mechanism ◽  
Heating Up ◽  
Reaction Speed

AbstractMetal magnesium is mainly produced from the calcined dolomite by the silicothermic production. However, in this process, the reduction temperature is higher while the reaction speed is slow, which results in higher energy consumption and serious environmental problems. In this paper, adding aluminum into the ferrosilicon reducing agent is expected to lower the reaction temperature so as to solve the problems above. The phase transition involved in the whole reduction process including with and without aluminum addition were investigated in details by theoretical calculation and experimental research. The influence of aluminum on the magnesium oxide reduction path was analysis to clarify the internal mechanism. The results show that aluminum added into the ferrosilicon would first react with magnesium oxide to form magnesium vapor and alumina under vacuum pressure of 10 Pa when the temperature rises to 720°C. Then, calcium aluminate would be formed by the reaction of aluminum oxide and calcium oxide. Once the temperature reaches 1150°C, silicon begins to reduce the magnesium oxide to create the silicon oxide that will finally react with calcium oxide to form calcium silicate. When the temperature rises above 1150°C, both the aluminum and silicon will participate in the reduction of magnesium oxide. In the process of heating up, the mixture of aluminum, ferrosilicon and calcined dolomite forms Mg2Al4Si5O18 and Ca3Al2(OH)12 phase with the components in calcined dolomite. Mg2Al4Si5O18 and Ca3Al2(OH)12 phase finally form Ca12Al14O33 phase. The interaction between aluminum and ferrosilicon in the mixture is less; the mixture of aluminum and ferrosilicon first forms Al3FeSi2 phase, and finally has the trend of forming Al4.5FeSi phase. There is a great difference between the phase transformation of aluminum in the mixture of aluminum, ferrosilicon and calcined dolomite and that of aluminum in the mixture of aluminum and ferrosilicon.

Copper Chemical Vapor Deposition using a Novel Cu(II) Precursor for Contact Via Filling Process

2007 ◽  
Vol 990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Zama ◽  
Yuuji Nishimura ◽  
Michiyo Yago ◽  
Mikio Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Hydrogen Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Cu Films ◽  
Pure Cu ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Advanced Generation

ABSTRACTChemical vapor deposition (CVD) of copper using both a novel Cu(II) β-diketonate source and hydrogen reduction process was studied to fill contact vias with the smallest diameter in the 32nm and more advanced generation chip. Pure Cu films were grown under the condition with the product of hydrogen partial pressure and H2/Cu source molar ratio being over 1,000,000. We succeeded in filling the 40-nm-diameter contact vias by optimizing the growth condition of the Cu-CVD in both substrate temperatures and reaction pressures.

Reuse of Fried Oil to Obtain Biodiesel: Zeolites Y as a Catalyst

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brito ◽  
M. E. Borges ◽  
R. Arvelo ◽  
F. Garcia ◽  
M. C. Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Degree Of Conversion ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalytic Reactor ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Catalytic Effects ◽  
Fried Oil

The transesterification reaction is the most utilized process to obtain biodiesel. Fried oil transesterification reactions with methanol have been studied using several zeolites Y and interchanged with CsCl and KOH. The reaction has been carried out both in a slurry reactor and a fixed bed catalytic reactor. The catalytic effects of zeolites have been tested within a temperature range of 60-476°C, 2.5-5% catalyst/waste oil weight ratio, and 6:1 - 100:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. Cosolvents (THF, n-hexane) in the reaction feedstock effect have also been studied as well as catalyst regeneration effects. Viscosity of both the oil and the transesterification reaction products was determined as an initial guide to investigate the degree of conversion to biodiesel as well as FAME content by GC. When interchanged zeolites are used conversions are improved, getting the best yields (98% FAME) for the Y756 zeolite interchanged with KOH. Viscosities of the reaction product obtained reached values next to diesel standard ones.

One-Step Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry-FTIR Microspectroscopy to Quickly Detect Continuous Pathways in the Solid-State Glucose/Asparagine Maillard Reaction

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng-Fwu Hwang ◽  
Tzu-Feng Hsieh ◽  
Shan-Yang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Ftir Microspectroscopy ◽  
Amadori Product

Abstract The stepwise reaction pathway of the solid-state Maillard reaction between glucose (Glc) and asparagine (Asn) was investigated using simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-FTIR microspectroscopy. The color change and FTIR spectra of Glc-Asn physical mixtures (molar ratio = 1:1) preheated to different temperatures followed by cooling were also examined. The successive reaction products such as Schiff base intermediate, Amadori product, and decarboxylated Amadori product in the solid-state Glc-Asn Maillard reaction were first simultaneously evidenced by this unique DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy. The color changed from white to yellow-brown to dark brown, and appearance of new IR peaks confirmed the formation of Maillard reaction products. The present study clearly indicates that this unique DSC-FTIR technique not only accelerates but also detects precursors and products of the Maillard reaction in real time.

Phase Transformation Behavior of Lead and Zinc in the High-Lead Slag Reduction Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Zhongtang Zhang ◽  
Weifeng Li ◽  
Jing Zhan ◽  
Gui Li ◽  
Zhenbo Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Transformation Behavior ◽  
Phase Transformation Behavior ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Slag Reduction ◽  
High Lead

New Routes to Group Iva Metal-Nitrides

1992 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitanya K. Narula
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Nitride ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Metal Nitrides ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Group Iva ◽  
Ammonia Atmosphere

ABSTRACTThe reactions of TiCl4 with [(CH3)3Si]2NH have been examined under several reaction conditions. One of the reaction products, (CH3)3Si(H)NTiCl3, can be crystallized in 60% yield on reacting TiCl4 with TiCl4 with [(CH3)3Si]2NH in a 1:1 molar ratio in dichloromethane at -78°C. [(CH3)3Si(H)NTi(Cl2)(NH)]2TiCl2 is the primary product on increasing the amount of TiCl4 with [(CH3)3Si]2NH to two equivalents. (CH3)3Si(H)NTiCl3 and [(CH3)3Si(H)NTi(Cl2)(NH)]2TiCl2 form titanium nitride on pyrolysis at 600°C in an ammonia atmosphere.

Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Superplasticizer with a Multi-Arm Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 815 ◽  
pp. 594-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Zi Ming Wang ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Yun Sheng Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
The Self ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohols ◽  
Esterification Rate ◽  
And Performance

A novel superplasticizer with a multi-arm structure, i.e., a “core” connected with multiple copolymer “arms”, was synthesized through two steps including an esterification reaction between polyhydric alcohols and acrylic acid and a copolymerization reaction in an aqueous solution among the esterification product, isobutenyl polyethylene glycol and acrylic acid. The reaction conditions were determined, and the results showed that the esterification rate can reach above 95% with a water-carrying agent of 70g, a catalyst/alcohol molar ratio of 0.07, an inhibitor/monomer molar ratio of 0.03, and a reaction time of 7 hrs. The reaction products were characterized by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is confirmed to be the multi-arm structure, and the self-synthesized superplasticizer with a multi-arm structure exhibited higher energy efficiency, which was in accordance with its excellent paste fluidity performances and adsorption behavior in cement paste

An ABA triblock containing a central soft block of poly[2,5-di(n-hexogycarbonyl)styrene] and outer hard block of poly(4-vinylpyridine): synthesis, phase behavior and mechanical enhancement

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (35) ◽  
pp. 18431-18441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Rui-Ying Zhao ◽  
Ti-Peng Zhao ◽  
Chen-Yang Liu ◽  
Shuang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Triblock Copolymer ◽  
Microphase Separation ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Hard Block ◽  
Aba Triblock Copolymer

A new ABA triblock copolymer (P4VP-PHCS-P4VP) with strong microphase separation was successfully synthesized and showed phase transformation and mechanical enhancement by blending with metal salt.

Antimutagenic Effect of Maillard Reaction Products Prepared from Glucose and Tryptophan

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
GOW-CHIN YEN ◽  
JEN-DAN LII
Keyword(s):  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Antioxidative Activity ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Antimutagenic Effect ◽  
Effect Of Glucose

The antimutagenicity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) prepared by refluxing D-glucose and L-tryptophan under various reaction conditions was determined by means of the Ames test. The dose of MRPs with 5 mg per plate showed no toxicity, and mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 was used for antimutagenic assay. The mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo (4,5-f) quinoline (IQ) and 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido (1,2-a:3′,2′-d) imidazole (Glu-P-1) toward TA98 was markedly reduced by the addition of glucose-tryptophan MRPs, whereas the mutagenicity of 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQNO) was not inhibited. The mutagenicity of IQ, Glu-P-1, and NQNO toward TA100 was also markedly reduced by glucose-tryptophan MRPs, but the mutagenicity of NQNO was only slightly inhibited. Greater antimutagenic effects of glucose-tryptophan MRPs were found when these materials were prepared at an alkaline pH. The optimum combinations of reaction conditions for obtaining antimutagenic MRPs to IQ were glucose-tryptophan molar ratio = 0.5:0.25 at pH 9.0 for 5 and 10 h, molar ratio = 0.5:0.5 at pH 11.0 for 10 h, and molar ratio = 1.0:0.25 at pH 7.0 for 15 h and at pH 11.0 for 15 h. The antimutagenic effect of glucose-tryptophan MRPs to IQ and Glu-P-1 was well correlated with their browning intensity, reducing power, and antioxidative activity. The antimutagenicity of glucose-tryptophan MRPs might be due to both desmutagenic and bio-antimutagenic effects.

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