Comparative Bioenergetics of Diploid and Triploid Pacific Oysters Crassostreas gigas at Different Temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 1033-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Yan Li ◽  
Zhi Min Zhou

The energy budgets, assimilation and conversion efficiency of 1-year-old-triploid Pacific oysters Crassostreagigas, were compared with those of sibling diploids to clarify the mechanism of energy metabolism. No significant difference was found between diploids and triploids in oxygen consumption. The net growth efficiencies of triploids and diploids were 37.4% and 33.9% respectively, and the gross growth efficiencies of them were 28.8% and 22.7%. The influence of ploidy and temperature on K1 was significant, but the variation of K2 may be attributable to ambient temperature. The ratio of gonad dry weight and dry tissue of triploids was 5%on average, and diploids about 25.6%. Our results showed that triploids, which do not reproduce and only have limited gonadal development, spend more energy for growth and more efficient in using energy than diploids do.

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Laurence

When daily energy budgets were calculated by two methods for tautog, Tautoga onitis, from fertilization to complete yolk absorption at three temperatures (16, 19, and 22 C), neither method indicated a deficiency of yolk energy for growth and metabolism prior to exogenous feeding capability. Deficits were indicated on the day of feeding capability at all temperatures by the oxygen consumption method, the more precise but less inclusive of the two. The dry weight method, which gave the more conservative estimates, indicated no deficit for the entire period of yolk absorption at 16 C, a deficit one day after feeding capability at 19 C, and a deficit on the day of feeding capability at 22 C.Regression analysis of oxygen consumption indicated that 22 C may be in the upper temperature limits for normal metabolism by embryonic and prolarval tautog. Yolk utilization efficiencies and postlarval size at complete yolk absorption tended to be inversely related to temperature. The ecological implications and the effects of temperature on the critical timing involved in the interactions of feeding capability, availability of prey and occurrence of energy deficits are discussed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Mark Meade ◽  
Lindsay White ◽  
Rahim Zettili ◽  
Megan Meade ◽  
Saad Almani ◽  
...  

Abstract Variable crayfish, Cambarus latimanus (LeConte), were collected and acclimated to four temperatures, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. Following a two-week acclimation period, mean standard metabolic rates (SMR), as determined using oxygen consumption rates, were measured using an intermittent-flow, closed-loop respirometer. For ~10g mean weight C. latimanus, mean weight specific oxygen consumption rates (MO2) at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C were 73.4 ± 0.18, 81.6 ± 0.10, 103 ± 0.11, and 205 ± 0.12 mg O2·kg-1·h-1 (±SE), respectively. Calculated Q10 values of 1.25, 1.61, and 3.92 for the change in metabolic rate from 15 – 20°C, 20 – 25°C, and 25 – 30°C suggest the crayfish were responding normally to temperature increases and were metabolically stressed when temperatures increased above 25°C. Daily caloric energy budgets of 58 (15°C), 65 (20°C), 82 (25°C), and 164 (30°C) calories·day-1 were estimated for crayfishes using SMR data and suggested that crayfish standard (resting) energy requirements nearly tripled when acclimated to 15 versus 30°C. Overall, these data suggest that increased temperatures have substantial effects on C. latimanus energy demands which may reduce potential growth and reproduction.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-171
Author(s):  
Mustafa Gündoğar ◽  
Taha Özyürek ◽  
Koray Yılmaz ◽  
Gülşah Uslu

Background. This study examined the effects of changes in temperature and environmental conditions on the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc Blue, HyFlex EDM, WaveOne Gold, and Twisted File Adaptive. Methods. Forty-five Reciproc Blue (25/.08), 45 HyFlex EDM (25/.08), 45 WaveOne Gold (25/.07), and 45 Twisted File Adaptive (25/.08) files were tested for cyclic fatigue at room temperature (20°C) in air and water and at body temperature (35°C) in water. All the instruments were rotated in artificial canals made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 60° angle of curvature and a radius of curvature of 5 mm until fracture occurred; the time to fracture was recorded in seconds, using a digital chronometer. Mann-Whitney U test was used for the statistical analysis of data, with SPSS 21.0. Results. Cyclic fatigue resistance was significantly higher in all the groups in water at an ambient temperature of 20°C compared with air and water at temperatures of 20°C and 35°C, respectively (P<0.05). The intragroup analysis revealed that HyFlex EDM had the highest cyclic fatigue resistance, followed by Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and Twisted File Adaptive in both air and water at 20°C (P<0.05). HyFlex EDM exhibited the highest cyclic fatigue resistance in water at 35°C, whereas there was no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of the present study, an increase in the ambient temperature significantly decreased the cyclic fatigue resistance of the tested NiTi files.


Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Qiu ◽  
Robin Bedding

AbstractEnergy metabolism of the infective juveniles (IJ) of Steinernema carpocapsae under aerobic conditions and its relation to survival and infectivity of the IJ was studied by monitoring the changes in mean dry weight, levels of key energy reserve compounds, oxygen consumption rate, respiratory quotient, survival and infectivity of freshly harvested IJ incubated in tap water on a shaker at 28°C over time. The survival rate of the IJ exceeded 90% for the first 6 weeks and then dropped sharply to about 50% at week 8. The infectivity of the IJ did not change markedly within the first 3 weeks, dropped slightly during weeks 4 and 5 and then decreased sharply to week 6. The mean dry weight of the IJ dropped at a roughly constant rate from an initial level of 74 ng/IJ to 41 ng/IJ at week 6. Thus, during the period of 6 weeks at 28°C, each IJ consumed nearly half of its initial dry weight. Consumption of the lipids, proteins, glycogen and trehalose accounted for 91, 41, 56 and 78% of the initial levels of these compounds and 47, 41, 9 and 3% of the total dry weight of materials consumed, respectively. Most lipids were consumed in the first 3 weeks while most proteins, glycogen and trehalose were consumed in the last 2 or 3 weeks. Oxygen consumption rate decreased from 3.0 to 0.5 ml/million IJ/day from day 1 to week 6 while the respiratory quotient remained constant at about 0.7 for the first 4 weeks then dropped sharply to 0.3 at week 6. Both survival time and the rate of reduction in mean dry weight of IJ were severely affected by temperature and buffering. The functions of the individual energy reserve materials, characteristics of the energy metabolism and the relationship between energy metabolism and the survival and infectivity of the IJ are discussed. Der Energiestoffwechsel und seine Beziehung zum Überleben und zur Infektivität der Infektionsjuvenilen von Steinernema carpocapsae unter aeroben Bedingungen - Der Energiestoffwechsel der Infektionsjuvenilen (IJ) von Steinernema carpocapsae unter aeroben Bedingungen und seine Beziehungen zum Überleben und zur Infektivität der IJ wurde untersucht durch die Erfassung der Änderungen im mittleren Trockengewicht, des Niveaus der wichtigen Energiereservestoffe, des Sauerstoffverbrauchs, des Respirationsquotienten sowie der Überlebensrate und der Infektivität frisch gewonnener IJ, die in Leitungswasser bei 28°C auf einem Schüttler gehalten wurden. Die Überlebensrate überschritt während der ersten sechs Wochen 90% und fiel dann in der achten Woche schnell auf etwa 50% ab. Die Infektivität änderte sich innerhalb der ersten 3 Wochen wenig, fiel dann im Laufe der Wochen 4 und 5 etwas ab, verminderte sich dann aber schnell in Woche 6. Das mittlere Trockengewicht der IJ fiel ungefähr gleichmäßig von einem Ausgangsniveau von 74 ng/IJ auf 41 ng/IJ in Woche 6 ab. Jedes IJ verbrauchte also bei 28°C innerhalb von 6 Wochen fast die Hälfte seines ursprünglichen Trockengewichts. Vom ursprünglichen Gehalt an Lipiden wurden 91% verbraucht, von Proteinen 41%, von Glykogen 56% und von Trehalose 78%. Vom Gesamtverbrauch entfielen 47% auf Lipide, 41% auf Proteine, 9% auf Glykogen und 3% auf Trehalose. Die meisten Lipide wurden in den ersten drei Wochen verbraucht, während die meisten Proteine, Glykogen und Trehalose in den letzten 2 oder 3 Wochen verbraucht wurden. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch fiel von 3,0 auf 0,5 ml/million IJ/Tag von Tag 1 bis Woche 6, während der Respirationsquotient in den ersten 4 Wochen konstant bei 0,7 und dann schnell auf 0,3 in Woche 6 abnahm. Überlebensdauer und Abnahme des mittleren Trockengewichts wurden durch Temperatur und Pufferung stark beeinflusst. Die Funktionen der einzelnen Energiereservestoffe, die Kennzeichen des Energiestoffwechsels und die Beziehungen zwischen Energiestoffwechsel, Überleben und Infektivität der IJ werden diskutiert.


1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 01-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phan Van Ngan ◽  
Vicente Gomes ◽  
Paulo S. M. Carvalho ◽  
Maria José de A. C. R. Passos

Routine oxygen consumption of krill was investigated as a general measure of its metabolism and assesses the effects of body size, temperature and starvation on the metabolism. No significant difference in whole animal consllmption was detected after 1,3,5 and 7 days of starvation. The response of metabolism of krill to temperature shows a zone of independence, from 0 to 1°C in which the temperature exerts no effect on metabolism. From 1 to 4°C the metabolism increases rapidly in function of temperature. There was a general increase in oxygen consumption with increasing body wet weight. The equation 'between consumption and wet weight is given by Log Q02 = 2.061+ 0.987xLogW, with r = 0.86. The slope of the regression line b=0.987 is less than unity, indicating that oxygen consllmption per unit weight is greater for the smaller than for the larger krill. Average metabolic rate at O°C of 164 krill is 733.24 l, µlO2g(dry wt)-1h-1. The metabolic rate is of 1129.67 J- µlO2g(dry wt)-1h-1 for small krill (13-19 mg dry weight) and 636.16 J- µlO2g(dry wt)-1h-1 for larger animais (160-169 mg dry weight). The metabülism ofkrill is shown to be related to period of adaptation and types of respirometer. Prolonged adaptation period showed adverse effect on metabolism and average oxygen consumption is almost three times higher in respirometers with stirring device than in simple sealed chambers.


1994 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Bevan ◽  
A J Woakes ◽  
P J Butler ◽  
I L Boyd

Heart rates (fh) and rates of oxygen consumption (V(dot)O2) were measured in eight black-browed albatrosses (Diomedea melanophrys) when walking on a treadmill, with the aim of using fh to predict V(dot)O2 in free-ranging albatrosses. The resulting relationship between the variables was: V(dot)O2 (ml min-1) = [0.0157fh (beats min-1)]1.60, r2=0.80, P&lt;0.001. In addition to the calibration procedure, six of the albatrosses were injected with doubly labelled water (DLW), and fh and V(dot)O2 were monitored continuously over a 3 day period while the birds were held in a respirometer. During the 3 day period, the birds were walked for up to 3&shy;4 h day-1 in bouts lasting approximately 0.5 h. The heart rate data were used to estimate the metabolic rates of these birds using the above regression. Estimates of metabolic rate derived from fh, DLW and respirometry did not differ (ANOVA; P=0.94), primarily because of the variance between individual birds. There was also no significant difference between the different estimates obtained from the different equations used to calculate energy expenditure from the DLW technique (ANOVA; P=0.95). Mean estimates of V(dot)O2 from fh under active and inactive conditions differed from measured values of V(dot)O2 by -5.9 % and -1.7 % respectively. In addition, the estimates of V(dot)O2 from fh at different walking speeds did not differ significantly from the measured values. It appears that, in the black-browed albatross, fh is as good a predictor of the mean metabolic rate of free-ranging birds as DLW or time&shy;energy budgets combined with either respirometry or DLW. However, the method should be applied to as many individuals and as many instances of a particular behaviour as possible. The heart rate technique offers potential for much more detailed analyses of the daily energy budgets of these birds, and over much longer periods, than has previously been possible.


Author(s):  
Gordon B. Curry ◽  
A. D. Ansell ◽  
M. James ◽  
L. Peck

ABSTRACTAsh-free-dry-weight determinations for a representative range of living brachiopod genera have revealed that a consistently high proportion of total organic mass is contained within the shell, partly as the organic matrix for biomineralisation and partly as minute extensions of the mantle tissues (caeca) housed within hollow endopunctae permeating the shell. On average 40% to 50% of the total organic mass of both articulate and inarticulate brachiopods is situated within the shell. This is true even for a rhynchonellid brachiopod which does not possess endopunctae, but which has a more dense protein matrix in its shell. The effectively hidden constituent of brachiopod tissue mass which is included in this component has often been overlooked, and as a result total metabolic tissue mass has been underestimated. This throws into question some previous interpretations of brachiopod respiratory and metabolic data.The oxygen consumption rates of several living brachiopods have been measured, and when respiring tissue in caeca in the shell is taken into consideration, it is clear that brachiopod metabolic rates are low when compared with other marine invertebrates (e.g. between 10% and 50% of the oxygen uptake of comparable gastropods and bivalve molluscs held in similar conditions). This low rate cannot be attributed to a slower pumping rate by the brachiopod lophophore, as has been suggested, because the rate of water movement is comparable to that across the bivalve gill.Nitrogen excretion rates have also been measured for a few living brachiopods, allowing a comparison with rates of oxygen consumption and providing an indication of the metabolic substrates used. These data on oxygen: nitrogen ratios suggest that one Antarctic brachiopod utilises exclusively protein as a metabolic substrate, while a temperate latitude species uses mainly protein during winter but lipids and carbohydrates during summer months. Histological observations, particularly of Terebratulina retusa from temperate waters, show that a specialised tissue layer in the brachiopod outer mantle epithelium proximal to the shell may be the site of storage of the protein that is metabolised during winter, and of carbohydrate mobilised during gonadal development in summer. The caeca have also been suggested as sites of storage of metabolites, and the possible relationships between these areas of mantle are discussed. It seems that the ability to store nutrients in the mantle, combined with flexibility of substrate utilisation and an inherently low metabolic rate, have been important factors in brachiopod evolution.


1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Moon ◽  
Thomas H. Carefoot

Energy budgets calculated for the period of metamorphosis of 16 female Galleria mellonella showed a range in deviation from the balanced condition of−23% to + 22%. The oxygen consumption of Galleria, measured as one component of the energy budget, was 2.9 μl O2/mg per hour for final-instar larvae of 249–275 mg in weight [Formula: see text] and 2.1 μl O2/mg per hour for adults of 67–136 mg in weight [Formula: see text]. The calorific content increased from 6446 cal/g dry weight in the final-instar larva to 6711 cal/g dry weight in the adult. The "rejecta" of metamorphosis, including cocoon (combined with larval faeces, shed adult scales, and adult excreta), pupal case, and larval remnants (shed larval skin), had comparatively low calorific values (4462, 4847, and 4933 cal/dry g, respectively), and constituted only 12% of the total energy accounted for during metamorphosis.


1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis T Gordon

Abstract Iron levels in 14 seafoods were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) on freeze-dried composites. Samples were prepared for analysis after dry-ashing at 550°C and wet digestion in HNO3-HCIO4. Paired analysis of wet digests were accomplished by AAS and use of the colorimetric reagent, ferrozine. There was no significant difference in iron levels of seafoods due to sample preparation. While individual species levels were not significantly different between the AAS and colorimetric procedures, evaluation of all determinations indicates that ferrozine gives lower values (P &lt; 0.005) by 8%. Iron levels in seafoods in /tg/g dry weight (nig/100 g wet weight) determined by AAS on wet-digested samples were: 8 species of white /infish, 16.3±4.2 (0.31 ±0.08) ; Pacific shrimp, 12.3±1.4 (0.29±0.03) ; canned tuna, water pack, 16.6±2.9 (0.49±0.09); sockeye salmon, 29.0±5.5 (0.89±0.25) ; American shad, 29.1±1.5 (0.97±0.05) ; Pacific oysters, 391± 45 (6.54±1.39); and Dungeness crab, 17.1± 2.5 (0.35±0.05).


2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Rahim Mohammadian ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour ◽  
Peyvand Samimifar

A factorial experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of planting date and density on calendula herbs and peppermint. It had 3 replicates and was done in Khosroshahr research farm, Tabriz in 2006. Under studied factors were: 3 planting dates (10 May, 25 May and 10 June) in 4 densities (25, 35, 45, 55) of the plant in square meters. The results of variance a nalysis showed that there was 1% probability significant difference between the effects of planting date and bush density on the leave number, bush height and the bush dry weight. But the mutual effect of the plant date in mentioned traits density was insignificant. Regarding the traits mean comparison, the total maximum dry weight was about the 55 bush density in mm. Also, the bush high density in mm causes the bush growth and its mass reduction. When there is the density grain, the flower number will increase due to bush grain in surface unit. Overall, we can conclude that 10 June planting and 45 bush density in mm is the most suitable items and results in favored production with high essence for these crops.


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