scholarly journals Diffusion of Palm Biodiesel in Elastomers Undergoing Multiaxial Large Deformations

2013 ◽  
Vol 334-335 ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch’ng Shiau Ying ◽  
A. Andriyana ◽  
Erwan Verron ◽  
Roslina Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Fatigue Failure ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Coupled Diffusion ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Service Diffusion

Petroleum-based fuel is facing significant depletion issue due to its limited reserves and increasing demand from various industries. Thus, various considerations from economical, environmental and political concerns have motivated researchers to develop alternative energy sources such as biofuel to decrease dependence on petroleum-based fuel. However, the changes in the fuel composition of biofuel affect the material compatibility. In engineering applications where elastomeric components are exposed to hostile environment such as palm biodiesel medium, at least two aspects contribute to the degradation of the materials during the service: diffusion of the liquids leading to swelling and fluctuating multiaxial mechanical loading leading to fatigue failure. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study the mechanical responses of elastomers under this coupled diffusion-mechanical loading in order to predict accurately their fatigue failure. The present work investigates the swelling of elastomers under simultaneous diffusion of palm biodiesel and multiaxial large deformations.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Acute Toxicity of Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends and Diesel on Aquatic Organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalissa Farrah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Increasing Demand

The increasing demand of alternative energy sources has created interest in biodiesel and biodiesel blends; biodiesel is promoted as a diesel substitute. Like diesel spills, biodiesel spills can have deleterious effects on aquatic environments. The effect of neat biodiesel, biodiesel blends and diesel on O. mykiss and D. magna was evaluated using acute toxicity testing. Static non-renewable bioassays of freshwater organisms containing B100, B50, B20, B5 and conventional diesel fuel were used to compare the acute effects of biodiesel to diesel. Mortality was the significant endpoint measurement in this study; percent mortality and lethal concentration (LC50) at different exposure times were determined from the acute toxicity tests performed. Trials were considered valid if the controls exhibited more than 90% survival. Based on percent mortality and LC50 values, a toxicity ranking of fuels was developed. The results of the definitive tests indicated that diesel is more toxic than neat biodiesel or biodiesel blends. This approach can provide insights into the lethality of biodiesel spills in the aquatic environment.

Synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins using sustainable chemical processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (01n04) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. A. Pinto ◽  
César A. Henriques ◽  
Vanessa A. Tomé ◽  
Carolina S. Vinagreiro ◽  
Mário J. F. Calvete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Water As Solvent ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Reaction Media ◽  
Intensive Procedures

The easy access and low price of pyrrole and aldehydes, conjugated with the simplicity in preparing meso-substituted porphyrins, makes this type of porphyrins very attractive for a broad range of applications. However, there is an increasing demand for the development of new synthetic processes involving more sustainable chemical principles substituting, whenever possible, dangerous organic solvents by alternative solvents, chromatographic purifications by precipitations and energy-intensive procedures by alternative energy sources such as microwaves and ultrasounds. In this review we will address some recent strategies to synthesize meso-substituted porphyrins using alternative energy sources, reaction media and catalysts, namely microwave irradiation, water as solvent, or solid microporous acid catalysts.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Acute Toxicity of Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends and Diesel on Aquatic Organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalissa Farrah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Increasing Demand

The increasing demand of alternative energy sources has created interest in biodiesel and biodiesel blends; biodiesel is promoted as a diesel substitute. Like diesel spills, biodiesel spills can have deleterious effects on aquatic environments. The effect of neat biodiesel, biodiesel blends and diesel on O. mykiss and D. magna was evaluated using acute toxicity testing. Static non-renewable bioassays of freshwater organisms containing B100, B50, B20, B5 and conventional diesel fuel were used to compare the acute effects of biodiesel to diesel. Mortality was the significant endpoint measurement in this study; percent mortality and lethal concentration (LC50) at different exposure times were determined from the acute toxicity tests performed. Trials were considered valid if the controls exhibited more than 90% survival. Based on percent mortality and LC50 values, a toxicity ranking of fuels was developed. The results of the definitive tests indicated that diesel is more toxic than neat biodiesel or biodiesel blends. This approach can provide insights into the lethality of biodiesel spills in the aquatic environment.

scholarly journals ALTERNATIVE MOTORS IN AVIATION

Aviation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirvat Kaddour
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Alternative Propulsion Systems

The increasing demand for air travel leads to more pollution produced by air transport. At the same time the fuel prices are constantly rising. Therefore, it becomes necessary to find alternative energy sources for aircraft (alternative fuel, motors). In this article alternative propulsion systems (fuel) that can be used in aviation, their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed.

Recent Progress in Quasi-Solid and Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Multivalent Metal Ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Lu ◽  
Pauline Jaumaux ◽  
Tianyi Wang ◽  
Chengyin Wang ◽  
Guoxiu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Solid Polymer Electrolytes ◽  
Solid Polymer ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Multivalent Metal

The increasing demand for alternative energy sources promotes the rapid development of new energy storage technologies. Multivalent ion batteries (MIBs) such as zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), and magnesium...

Development of the algorithm for the selection of a wind generator-based autonomous power supply system

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Khlyupin ◽  
G. N. Ispulaeva
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Power Supply System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Wind Generator ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Selection Of

Introduction: The co-authors provide an overview of the main types of wind turbines and power generators installed into wind energy devices, as well as advanced technological solutions. The co-authors have identified the principal strengths and weaknesses of existing wind power generators, if applied as alternative energy sources. The co-authors have proven the need to develop an algorithm for the selection of a wind generator-based autonomous power supply system in the course of designing windmill farms in Russia. Methods: The co-authors have analyzed several types of wind turbines and power generators. Results and discussions: The algorithm for the selection of a wind generator-based autonomous power supply system is presented as a first approximation. Conclusion: The emerging algorithm enables designers to develop an effective wind generator-based autonomous power supply system.

Energetic comparison of some stump-removing methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
I. Czupy
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Wide Domain ◽  
Fuel Substitution ◽  
Unused Resource ◽  
Root Connection ◽  
Different Soils

Concerns about climate change and fossil fuel shortages are encouraging interest in stumps, as alternative energy sources. Stumps are an almost unused resource in the context of bio fuels. Stump harvesting signifies an intensification of forest management compared with conventional stem-only or above-ground biomass-only harvesting. There are many benefits of stump harvesting. These include: the production of wood fuel, fossil fuel substitution, and improved soil preparation.Removing tree trunks in Hungary has been going on according to the principle of stump extraction, which means stumps are removed by grabbing technology. Experiments have been carried out to reduce the extraction force. In the Great Hungarian Lowland, where large areas require the operation implementation, stump extraction is done by special, hydraulic driven baggers equipped with a special bucket. During operation of the equipment, we carried out measurements of the extraction force and the time requirement. The experiments are designed to carry out the measurements with different soils and different tree species. According to our proposal the suitable force and torque required to remove stumps can be significantly reduced if before the lifting the soil — root connection is loosened. One of the possible ways to implement this task is the use of vibration. Since relatively great vibration power and wide domain of frequency are necessary, therefore we prepared the loosening machinery elements of alternating-current hydraulics system. Based on constructions variants we created a tractor-mounted experimental alternating-current hydraulic stump-loosening machine. It was designed with the ability to produce horizontal vibration in order to loosen stumps.

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