Examples of the Use of Non-Invasive Techniques for the Evaluation of Stone Decay in Portugal

2013 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amélia Dionísio ◽  
Edite Martinho ◽  
Carlos Grangeia ◽  
Fernando Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Stone Decay ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Damage Diagnosis ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

Today experts agree that precise damage diagnosis is the key to comprehensive characterization, interpretation, rating and prediction of stone damage. It provides vital information for monument conservation and sustainable preservation. Better understanding of the stones used in monuments and the factors, processes and characteristics involved in stone decay is therefore essential to the sustainable preservation of cultural heritage. A frequent and major obstacle to studying stone decay in monuments is the impossibility of touching or obtaining samples for study in the laboratory or even in-situ. The aim of this paper is to present the results of three non-invasive geophysical (3-D electrical resistivity and seismic refraction) and geochemical (soluble salts typology and distribution) techniques, that were used to diagnose stone damage in case studies involving Portuguese cultural heritage. Different techniques were applied based on decay typology or observed phenomena.

scholarly journals Brightly Colored to Stay in the Dark. Revealing of the Polychromy of the Lot Sarcophagus in the Catacomb of San Sebastiano in Rome

Heritage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 858-874
Author(s):  
Susanna Bracci ◽  
Donata Magrini ◽  
Rachele Manganelli del Fà ◽  
Oana Adriana Cuzman ◽  
Barbara Mazzei
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Executive Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Yellow Ochre ◽  
Invasive Techniques

The Lot Sarcophagus is one of the most relevant funerary sculptures of late antiquity (mid-4th century AC). Some of the remarkable aspects are the following (i) it is still preserved in situ; (ii) most of the carved scenes are rarities or unicum; (iii) not all the sculpture work has been completed, which allows us to analyse the executive process; (iv) many traces of polychromy have remained. This paper is focused on the characterization of the residual polychromy by using in-situ non-invasive techniques. Furthermore, few micro samples were taken, to be analysed in laboratory to study the composition of some deposits and to define if a preparatory layer was present under the coloured layer. The data showed that the very rich polychromy of the Lot Sarcophagus was made of Egyptian blue, yellow ochre, and three different types of red: two inorganics (red ochre and cinnabar), and one organic-based (madder lake). Furthermore, some decorations, completely vanished and no longer visible to the naked eye, have been rediscovered, also providing details on the construction phases. During the project, the 3D model of the sarcophagus was acquired, which afterwards was used to map the results of the diagnostic campaign.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF WEATHERING DAMAGE ON STONE MONUMENTS

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Jürgen Fitzner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Damage Diagnosis ◽  
Stone Monuments ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
In Situ Investigation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract: Stone monuments represent an important part of our world´s cultural heritage. The awareness of increasing stone damage on monuments and the danger of irretrievable loss of cultural heritage have resulted in great efforts worldwide for sustainable monument preservation. A precise damage diagnosis with the comprehensive characterization, interpretation and rating of stone damage represents the basis for effective and economic monument preservation measures. The experienced methodological approach to the assessment of stone damage combines in situ investigation and laboratory studies. The monument mapping method is presented as an established non-destructive procedure for in situ studies on stone damage. It can be applied to all stone types and to all kinds of stone monuments. The use of weathering forms, damage categories and damage indices for the registration, documentation, quantitative evaluation and rating of stone damage is explained. Furthermore, complementary in situ measurements are discussed. A wide range of analytical procedures and weathering simulation tests contribute to modern damage diagnosis on stone monuments.Keywords: damage, stone, monumentsResumo: INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE DANOS DO INTEMPERISMO PARA MONUMENTOS EM PEDRA. Os monumentos em pedra representam uma parte importante do patrimônio cultural do mundo. A consciência do aumento dos danos causados ao material pétreo nesses monumentos e o perigo de perda irrecuperável desse património resultaram em grandes esforços a nível mundial para a preservação sustentável desses monumentos. Um diagnóstico preciso de danos com a caracterização, interpretação e avaliação abrangentes desses danos causados às pedras representa a base para a adoção de medidas de conservação eficazes e econômicas. A abordagem metodológica a ser adotada para a avaliação desses danos deve combinar a investigação in situ e estudos laboratoriais. Nessa abordagem o mapeamento de monumentos é apresentado como um procedimento não destrutivo estabelecido para os estudos in situ sobre danos causados às pedras, podendo ser aplicado a todos os tipos de pedra e a todos os tipos de monumentos construídos com a pedra. Nesse trabalho, o uso de formas de intemperismo, categorias de danos e índices de danos para o registro, documentação, avaliação quantitativa e classificação de danos para a pedra é explicado. Além disso, discutem-se medidas complementares a serem adotadas in situ. Uma ampla gama de procedimentos analíticos e testes de simulação de meteorização contribuem para o diagnóstico de danos modernos em monumentos construídos em pedra.Palavras Chave: dano, pedra, monumentos

Evaluating the Condition of Sandstone Rock-Hewn Cave-Temple Façade Using In Situ Non-invasive Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 2915-2920
Author(s):  
Yinghong Wang ◽  
Qiangqiang Pei ◽  
Shanlong Yang ◽  
Qinglin Guo ◽  
Heather Viles
Keyword(s):  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sandstone Rock ◽  
Invasive Techniques

scholarly journals Smart Portable Devices Suitable for Cultural Heritage: A Review

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Valentini ◽  
Andrea Calcaterra ◽  
Simonetta Antonaroli ◽  
Maurizio Talamo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Wireless Transmission ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Portable Sensor ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Contact Sensors

This article reviews recent portable sensor technologies to apply in the Cultural Heritage (CH) fields. The review has been prepared in the form of a retrospective description of the sensor’s history and technological evolution, having: new nanomaterials for transducers, miniaturized, portable and integrated sensors, the wireless transmission of the analytical signals, ICT_Information Communication Technology and IoT_Internet of Things to apply to the cultural heritage field. In addition, a new trend of movable tattoo sensors devices is discussed, referred to in situ analysis, which is especially important when scientists are in the presence of un-movable and un-tangible Cultural Heritage and Art Work objects. The new proposed portable contact sensors (directly applied to art work objects and surfaces) are non-invasive and non-destructive to the different materials and surfaces of which cultural heritage is composed.

scholarly journals Elementos arquitectónicos de la capilla funeraria de Sarenput II (QH31) en Qubbet el-Hawa. Caracterización geoquímica

2019 ◽  
pp. 227-240
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Martínez Hermoso ◽  
María José Ayora Cañada ◽  
Ana Domínguez Vidal ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
In Situ Analysis ◽  
General Design ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The North ◽  
North Wall ◽  
The Right ◽  
Invasive Techniques

The chapel of the QH31 funerary complex (Sarenput II) was excavated directly into the rock, like the rest of the hypogea of the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa. However, in the chapel there are some outstanding elements that, probably, were elaborated independently of the excavation works in situ, to be located in the planned place as an integral part of the burial equipment, and the general design of the chapel. These elements include, for example, the three pairs of Osiride statues in the corridor, the four pillars in the offering chamber, and the slabs with which they built the sanctuary of the statue of the grave’s owner. As these elements were found coated so as to make their surfaces suitable for decoration, it is very difficult to determine the stone with which they were made. During the last campaign (2018), in situ analysis with non-invasive techniques, such as X-ray Fluorescence, has allowed determining its chemical composition. In addition, some stone fragments found during the excavations carried out since 2008 by the Qubbet el-Hawa project (University of Jaén), have been analyzed, such as the wig of the decapitated statue on the north wall of the corridor, and the fragment belonging to the right jamb of the façade of the sanctuary housing the statue. The results of the analysis seem to indicate that these elements were made from a very similar sandstone to that of the excavation itself and not with silicified sandstone (quartzarenite), which was also very abundant at Qubbet el-Hawa. Besides, these studies show several differences in composition between the stone employed for the construction of the sanctuary, and other elements such as the Osiride statues. Finally, the slab on the floor of the sanctuary, on which the statue of Sarenput was placed, was made of imported limestone.

Transdermal sensing: in-situ non-invasive techniques for monitoring of human biochemical status

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 198-205
Author(s):  
Kenta Iitani ◽  
Sai Sathish Ramamurthy ◽  
Xudong Ge ◽  
Govind Rao
Keyword(s):  
Non Invasive ◽  
Biochemical Status ◽  
Invasive Techniques

scholarly journals UV-Vis spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Picollo ◽  
Maurizio Aceto ◽  
Tatiana Vitorino
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Short Time

Abstract UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy has been widely used as a non-invasive method for the study of cultural heritage materials for several decades. In particular, FORS, introduced in the 1980s, allows to acquire hundreds of reflectance spectra in situ in a short time, contributing to the identification of artist’s materials. More recently, microspectrofluorimetry has also been proposed as a powerful non-invasive method for the identification of dyes and lake pigments that provides high sensitivity and selectivity. In this chapter, the concepts behind these spectroscopic methodologies will be discussed, as well as the instrumentation and measurement modes used. Case studies related with different cultural heritage materials (paintings and manuscripts, textiles, carpets and tapestries, glass, metals, and minerals), which show the usefulness of UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy and microspectrofluorimetry applied to the study of artworks, will also be presented.

Smart electroconductive bioactive ceramics to promote in situ electrostimulation of bone

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 1831-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo Mata ◽  
Filipe J. Oliveira ◽  
Miguel A. Neto ◽  
Manuel Belmonte ◽  
Alexandre C. Bastos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Mechanism ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Bioactive Ceramics ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Cell functions were controlledin situby an efficient mechanism of delivering electrical stimuli involving conductive biomaterials and non-invasive techniques.

In-situ electrical-resistivity measurements in the high-voltage electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
W. E. King
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Helium Gas

A side-entry type, helium-temperature specimen stage that has the capability of in-situ electrical-resistivity measurements has been designed and developed for use in the AEI-EM7 1200-kV electron microscope at Argonne National Laboratory. The electrical-resistivity measurements complement the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) to yield a unique opportunity to investigate defect production in metals by electron irradiation over a wide range of defect concentrations.A flow cryostat that uses helium gas as a coolant is employed to attain and maintain any specified temperature between 10 and 300 K. The helium gas coolant eliminates the vibrations that arise from boiling liquid helium and the temperature instabilities due to alternating heat-transfer mechanisms in the two-phase temperature regime (4.215 K). Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the liquid/gaseous helium transfer system. A liquid-gas mixture can be used for fast cooldown. The cold tip of the transfer tube is inserted coincident with the tilt axis of the specimen stage, and the end of the coolant flow tube is positioned without contact within the heat exchanger of the copper specimen block (Fig. 2).

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