Optimum Conditions for the Formation of Glycidyl Nitrate from 1,3-Dinitroglycerin

2016 ◽  
Vol 718 ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Astuti ◽  
Supranto ◽  
Rochmadi ◽  
Agus Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
Energetic Polymer ◽  
Biodiesel Industry ◽  
Composition Of Products

One of the utilization of glycerol as byproduct of the biodiesel industry is to produce polyglycidyl nitrate, the most energetic polymer. The synthesize of polyglycidil nitrate from glycerol includes three steps: nitration, cyclization and polymerization. The aim of this study is to obtain the optimum conditions of cyclization. The cyclization was carried out in a 5 ml reactor and equipped with Hickman distillation head and nitrogen purge with the variables are mole ratio of sodium hydroxide/glycerol of 1/1 to 1.5/1, reaction temperature of 283.15 to 293.15 K and sodium hydroxide concentration of 15%. Each sample was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the composition of products. The optimum conditions are temperature of 288.15 K and the mole ratio of sodium hydroxide /glycerol of 1.5.

Study on the Chemical Modification Process of Jute Fiber

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-ming Wang ◽  
Zai-sheng Cai ◽  
Jian-yong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Silicate Concentration ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
Liquor Ratio ◽  
Degumming Process ◽  
Selection Of

Degumming of pre-chlorite treated jute fiber was studied in this paper. The effects of sodium hydroxide concentration, treatment time, temperature, sodium silicate concentration, fiber-to-liquor ratio, penetrating agent TF-107B concentration, and degumming agent TF-125A concentration were the process conditions examined. With respect to gum decomposition, fineness and mechanical properties, sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium silicate concentration, and treatment time were found to be the most important parameters. An orthogonal L9(34) experiment designed to optimize the conditions for degumming resulted in the selection of the following procedure: sodium hydroxide of 12g/L, sodium silicate of 3g/L, TF-107B of 2g/L, TF-125A of 2g/L, treatment time of 105 min, temperature of 100°C and fiber to liquor ratio of 1:20. The effect of the above degumming process on the removal of impurities was also examined and the results showed that degumming was an effective method for removing impurities, especially hemicellulose.

scholarly journals Process optimization for biodiesel production from neutralized waste cooking oil and the effect of this biodiesel on engine performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanzer Eryilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Cooking Oils

In this study, the methyl ester production process from neutralized waste cooking oils is optimized by using alkali-catalyzed (KOH) single-phase reaction. The optimization process is performed depending on the parameters, such as catalyst concentration, methanol/oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimum methyl ester conversion efficiency was 90.1% at the optimum conditions of 0.7 wt% of potassium hydroxide, 25 wt% methanol/oil ratio, 90 min reaction time and 60°C reaction temperature. After the fuel characteristics of the methyl ester obtained under optimum conditions were determined, the effect on engine performance, CO and NOx emissions of methyl ester was investigated in a diesel engine with a single cylinder and direct injection. When compared to diesel fuel, engine power and torque decreased when using methyl ester, and specific fuel consumption increased. NOx emission increases at a rate of 18.4% on average through use of methyl ester.

scholarly journals Central Composite Design and Desirability of RSM for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Mixture of Animal Waste Fat Oil and used Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1565-1571
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Desirability Approach ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Waste Fat

In this work, central composite design(CCD) and desirability approach of Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used for optimization of biodiesel yield produced from mixture of animal waste fat oil and used cooking oil (AWO) in the ratio of 1:1through alkaline transesterification process. In this work, methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration are selected as input parameters and yield selected as response. The combined effect of methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration were investigated and optimized by using RSM. The second order model is generated to predict yield as a function of methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration. A statistical model predicted the maximum yield of 96.9779% at 35ml methanol quantity (% v/v of oil), 75 min. reaction time and 0.6g (% wt./v of oil) of sodium hydroxide. Experimentally, the maximum yield of 97% was obtained at the above optimized input parameters. The variation of 0.02% was observed between experimental and predicted values. In this work, an attempt has also made to use desirability approach of RSM to optimize the input parameters to predict maximum yield. Desirability approach predicts maximum yield (97.075%) at CH3OH (35.832% vol. /vol. of oil), NaOH (0.604 % wt./vol. of oil) and reaction time (79.054min.) was found for the AWO.

Transesterification of Degummed Jatropha curcas Oil Using Tri-potassium Phosphate as Base Catalyst

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. V. V. Satyanarayana Murthy ◽  
Rajeswara R. Resapu ◽  
M. R. S. Satyanarayana ◽  
Ramakrishna Jogi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Biodiesel Standards ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectra

Abstract Jatropha curcas oil and methanol are transesterified using potassium triphosphate as base catalyst. The effects of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, stirring speed, catalyst concentration, solubility and its reusability on the yield of biodiesel are investigated. The base catalyst tri-potassium phosphate (K3PO4) is found to be highly suitable for oils having less than 1.5% free fatty acids (FFA). Highest biodiesel yield (approximately 92%) is acquired under optimum conditions of 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 2% catalyst at 70°C reaction temperature at a stirring speed of 650 rpm. The chemical activity of K3PO4 is found to be similar to that of base catalyst potassium hydroxide (KOH) and the catalyst solubility in biodiesel as determined by atomic absorption spectra is only 4.81 ppm. It has been found that K3PO4 is highly hygroscopic and its reusability drastically decreases upon further usage and it can be reused only in wetted condition for three continuous usages with drastic reduction in catalytic strength. The biodiesel samples prepared were tested for several physicochemical properties and compared with the values of European biodiesel standards. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also referred to as jatropha methyl esters (JME) in this paper, have been analyzed by gas chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis.

Gas-chromatographic determination of disopyramide in serum, with use of a nitrogen-selective detector.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Vasiliades ◽  
C Owens ◽  
D Pirkle
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Acidic Solution ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Basic Drugs ◽  
Selective Detector ◽  
Instrument Response

Abstract In this procedure for disopyramide in serum, the drug is extracted into n-heptane/isobutanol (96/4 by vol), then back-extracted into 1 mol/L H2SO4. The acidic solution is made basic with sodium hydroxide, extracted with diethyl ether, and the extract evaporated. The residue is redissolved in ethanol and analyzed by gas-chromatography, with use of a nitrogen-selective detector. p-Chlorodisopyramide is used as internal standard. Concentration and instrument response for serum extracts are linearly related from 1 to 5 mg/L, the slope being 0.61, the y-intercept -0.10, the standard error of estimate 0.01, and the correlation coefficient 0.99. Within-run precision was 6 and 4% for 3 and 5 mg/L concentrations, respectively, with a between-run precision of 7% at the 3 mg/L concentration. Diazepam interferes, but procainamide, chlordiazepoxide, quinidine, lidocaine, propranolol, sulfanilamide, and many other basic drugs do not.

PEMBUATAN ZAT WARNA ALAMI DARI BIJI KESUMBA DALAM BENTUK KONSENTRAT TINGGI UNTUK PEWARNA MAKANAN

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paryanto Paryanto
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Bixa Orellana ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Maximum Absorbance

<p>Abstract: The use of synthetic dyes for food in Indonesia reached 88%. The synthetic dyes<br />have the negative impact for healthy. This study was conducted to determine how produce bixin<br />natural pigments from annatto seed by extraction process, how the optimum conditions and<br />their application. Bixin extraction from the seeds annatto using acetone (CH<br />3<br />) and<br />sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as solvent. The various of extraction were concentration, extraction<br />temperature, stirring speed and the ratio of material to solvent. The bixin analysis used UV-Vis<br />spectrophotometer at maximum absorbance and FTIR spectrophotometer to determine the<br />groups of bixin. The water content in the bixin seeds is 37%. The optimum conditions of the<br />extraction process of bixin seed is 0.25 N NaOH as solvent, 60<br />C, 400 rpm stirring speed and<br />weight of material to solvent ratio 1:20.<br />Keywords: Extraction, bixin, annatto, bixa orellana, sodium hydroxide<br />o<br />COCH<br />3</p>

Experimental Study on Fatty Acid Production with Properties of Biological Materials from Soybean Oil by Lipase Catalyze

2013 ◽  
Vol 675 ◽  
pp. 275-279
Author(s):  
Yong Bo Li ◽  
Chang Mei Wang ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Yu Bao Chen ◽  
Fang Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Catalytic Effect ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Fatty Acid Production

In order to get the optimum conditions of fatty acid production with properties of biological materials from soybean oil by lipase catalyze. The effects of reaction temperature, ratio of oil to water (V:V) and amount of the enzyme (the quality percentage of enzyme accounts for the soybean oil) were studied in this research. The experimental results showed that the catalytic effect of Lipolase100T lipase is the best one under the same conditions. The results are as follows: the reaction temperature is 40 degrees Celsius, the ratio of oil to water (V:V) is 1:3, the amount of enzyme (the quality percentage of enzyme accounts for the soybean oil) is 1%, hydrolysis time was 60hrs, and the acid value reaches to 160.33mgKOH/g.

Ru-Catalyzed Arene Hydrogenation: A Highly Efficient and Selective Process for Preparing Trans-Trans Isomer of 4,4'-Diamino-Dicyclohexy

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1413-1416
Author(s):  
Yu Xiang Wang ◽  
Dan Dan Li ◽  
Xing Huang ◽  
Ya Juan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Trans Isomer ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Selective Hydrogenation ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Arene Hydrogenation ◽  
Selective Process

The selective hydrogenation of 4,4'-methylenedianiline(MDA) over Ru/γ-Al2O3 was investigated in the presence of diamine and base. Under the optimum conditions: the reaction temperature of 448K, H2 pressure of 1100 psig , and reaction time of 5h, the conversion of 4,4'-methylenedianiline was close to 100% and the selectivity to trans-trans isomer of 4,4'-diamino-dicyclohexy was less than 20%.

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