Effect of Soaking Time on Paste Carburizing of Carburized Low Carbon Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hafizuddin Jumadin ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Ismail ◽  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Samsiah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Case Depth ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Carburized Steel ◽  
Carburizing Process

Increase of soaking time contributed to the effectiveness of case depth formation, hardness properties and carbon content of carburized steel. This paper investigates the effect of different soaking time (7-9 hours) using powder and paste compound to the carburized steel. Low carbon steels were carburized using powder and paste compound for 7, 8 and 9 hours at temperature 1000°C. The transformation of microstructure and formation carbon rich layer was observed under microscope. The microhardness profiles were analyzed to investigate the length of case depth produced after the carburizing process. The increment of carbon content was considered to find the correlation between types of carburizing compound with time. Results shows that the longer carburized steel was soaked, the higher potential in formation of carbon rich layer, case depth and carbon content, which led to better hardness properties for carburized low carbon steel. Longer soaking time, 9 hours has a higher dispersion of carbon up to 41%-51% compare to 8 hours and 7 hours. By using paste carburizing, it has more potential of carbon atom to merge the microstructure to transform into cementite (1.53 wt% C) compare to powder (0.97 wt% C), which increases the hardness of carburized steel (13% higher).

scholarly journals Pengaruh Paduan Arang Aktif Kayu Belian/ulin Dan Katalisator Kerang Ale-Ale Pada Proses Pack Carburizing Terhadap Perubahan Komposisi Dan Nilai Kekerasan Baja Karbon Rendah (Low Carbon steel) St 37

Jurnal Vokasi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Dwi Handoko ◽  
Vivaldi Vivaldi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Hardness Testing ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Catalyst Composition ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Carburizing Process

To increase the hardness and wear resistance of low carbon steels (low carbon steel), it is usually done by a hardening process, namely by adding carbon elements. One of these processes is by using the Pack carburizing method. In this study, the pack carburizing process will be carried out on low carbon steel St 37 using activated charcoal media from ironwood combined with ale-ale shells catalyst with a composition of 10%, 20%, 30% 40% and 50%. Furthermore, composition testing and hardness testing were carried out using the Vickers method. The results of this study in the composition test, there was an addition of carbon due to diffusion and an increase in the maximum hardness of the catalyst composition by 30% with a hardness of 572.6 VHN.

Predicting the Effects of Cold Working on the Machining Characteristics of Low Carbon Steels

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Kopalinsky ◽  
P. L. B. Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Steel Work ◽  
Machining Characteristics

Experiments show that the cold working of low carbon steel work materials can improve their machinability by reducing cutting forces and improving surface finish and tool life. The somewhat paradoxical result of reducing cutting forces by cold working a material so that its hardness is increased is explained in this paper by using a machining theory which takes account of the flow stress properties of the work material and can thus allow for the effects of cold working.

Hardness Distribution and Effective Case Depth of Low Carbon Steel after Pack Carburizing Process under Different Carburizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra Negara ◽  
I. Dewa Made Krisnha Muku ◽  
I. Ketut Gede Sugita ◽  
I. Made Astika ◽  
I. Wayan Mustika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Case Depth ◽  
Bamboo Charcoal ◽  
Hardness Distribution ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Bone Charcoal ◽  
Carburizing Process ◽  
Effective Case Depth ◽  
Effective Case

This research is concerned with the effect of different carburizers on hardness distribution, effective case depth and microstructure of low carbon steel after pack carburizing process. Carburizers to be used were combination of energizer (BaCO3), goat bone charcoal and bamboo charcoal with five different compositions. The specimens were heated to temperature of 950°C, soaked at the temperature for 4 hours and quenched in the water. After the process, microstructures of specimen were observed, the hardness was measured using Vikers method and effective case depths were calculated. The results obtained showed that for all types of carburizer used, the hardness were scattered from surface to the core with lower hardness level. Carburizer composition of 20% BaCO3 + 80% goat bone charcoal produced the highest hardness ( 789.273 HV1) at 0.2 mm from the surface, however, it yielded the lowest effective case depth (0.52 mm). The highest effective case depth of 1 mm was obtained using carburizer composition of 20% BaCO3 + 60% goat bone charcoal + 20% bamboo charcoal. Meanwhile, the original structures of raw material which consist of ferrite and pearlite transformed to hard martensite constituent in the surface after pack carburizing.

High Temperature Corrosion of Al Hot-Dipped Low Carbon Steels in N2/H2S-Mixed Gases

2016 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Abro ◽  
Dong Bok Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Alloy Layer ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mixed Gas ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Mixed Gases

A low carbon steel was hot-dip aluminized, and corroded in the N2/0.4%H2S-mixed gas at 650-850°C for 20-50 h in order to find the effect of aluminizing on the high-temperature corrosion of the low carbon steel in the H2S environment. A thin Al topcoat and a thick Al-Fe alloy layer that consisted primarily of Al5Fe2 and some FeAl and Al3Fe formed on the surface after aluminizing. The corrosion rate increased with an increase in temperature. Hot-dip aluminizing increased the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel through forming a thin protective α-Al2O3 scale on the surface. The α-Al2O3 scale was susceptible to spallation. During corrosion, internal voids formed in the Al-Fe alloy layer, where the Al5Fe2, AlFe, and Al3Fe compounds gradually transformed through interdiffusion.

Increasing in expediency of cold forging of parts made of iron powders in comparison with parts made of low-carbon steels

2020 ◽  
pp. 494-501
Author(s):  
A.M. Dmitriev ◽  
N.V. Korobova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Cold Forging ◽  
Cold Extrusion ◽  
Contact Friction ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Strength Limit ◽  
Iron Based

The quality of parts such as deep cylindrical cups made by cold forging from low-carbon steel and sintered billets from iron powder is compared. Technological processes from production of iron-based powder parts and press equipment used in mechanical engineering and in powder metallurgy are described. Cold forging of powder billets and billets from low-carbon steels is carried out on press specialized for extrusion with the creation of actively directed contact friction stresses between the deformable billet and the die. It is shown that cold extrusion of cup-type parts with actively directed contact friction stresses makes it possible to manufacture parts from iron-based powder with density equal to 98...99 % of the theoretical iron density. However parts from low-carbon steel have strength limit greater than that of powder parts. Powder cups do not have the anisotropy of properties typical for cups from low-carbon steels.

Comparison of Deformation Structure of Lath Martensite in Low Carbon and Ultra-Low Carbon Steels

2007 ◽  
Vol 558-559 ◽  
pp. 933-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Morito ◽  
T. Ohba ◽  
Tadashi Maki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Microstructural Development ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Ultra Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Dislocation Cells

The microstructural development of cold-rolled lath martensite structure in the low carbon steels and ultra-low carbon steels are studied and compared. In low carbon steel of as-quenched specimens, very thin austenite films exist at boundaries of adjacent laths, but do not exist in ultra-low carbon steel. After cold rolling for the low carbon steel, the lamellar dislocation cells, irregularly bent laths and kinked laths regions are frequently observed and, in some instances, the disappearance of initial lath boundaries is observed. The existence of retained austenite films suggests that the lath boundaries rarely disappear during cold-rolling in the low carbon steel.

scholarly journals Nitriding in low carbon steels using non-toxic salt baths

2019 ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Vinicius Timm Bonow ◽  
Débora Stefani Maciel ◽  
André Zimmer ◽  
Cinthia Gabriely Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Salt Bath ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Microstructural Change ◽  
Surface Finishing ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é desenvolver um método de nitretação em banhos de sais atóxicos, utilizando nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e nitrito de sódio (NaNO2), bem como, avaliar a dureza e o aspecto visual da camada superficial de um aço com 0,2% de carbono, vislumbrando uma alternativa que busca redução no impacto ambiental, gerado pelo processo convencional de nitretação em banho de sal, contendo cianeto e cianato. Também, estudou-se meios que reduzam os óxidos não aderentes, gerados durante o processo de nitretação. Os resultados indicam que os sais KNO3 e NaNO2 atuam na formação de uma camada nitrada, evidenciada pela mudança microestrutural e pelo aumento da dureza da camada, em relação ao material sem tratamento. Porém, dependendo das proporções entre sal atóxico e sal redutor de óxido, tem-se melhor acabamento superficial, o que contribui para o meio ambiente, pois evita a geração de resíduos na base de cianeto e cianato. Palavras-chave: Aço baixo carbono. Nitretação. Banho de sal atóxico. Abstract The objective of this article is to develop a method of nitriding in non-toxic salt baths, using potassium nitrate (KNO3) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2), as well as to evaluate the hardness and the visual aspect of the surface layer of a steel with 0.2% carbon, seeking for an alternative to reduce the environmental impact caused by the conventional process of nitriding in salt bath containing cyanide and cyanate. It was also studied some means that can reduce the non-adherent oxides generated during the nitriding process. The results indicate that the salts KNO3 and NaNO2 act in the formation of a nitrated layer, evidenced by a microstructural change and the increase of the layer hardness, in relation to the material without any treatment. However, depending on the proportions between non-toxic salt and oxide-reducing salt, there is a better surface finishing, which contributes to the environment, as it avoids the generation of cyanide and cyanate-based residues. Keywords: Low carbon steel. Nitriding. Non-toxic salt bath.

Dynamic Recrystallization of Ferrite in Low Carbon Steels

2007 ◽  
Vol 558-559 ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zu Qing Sun ◽  
Long Fei Li ◽  
Wang Yue Yang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Dynamic Recrystallization ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Hollomon Parameter ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Continuous Dynamic Recrystallization ◽  
Continuous Dynamic

Dynamic recrystallization(DRX) of ferrite in low carbon steels was investigated by hot compression tests at temperatures of 550 to 700oC at strain rates of 0.001 to 10s-1. The results indicate that DRX of ferrite can occur in low carbon steels and lead to grain refinement. With increasing Zener-Hollomon parameter Z, its mechanism changes from discontinuous dynamic recrystallization to continuous dynamic recrystallization, the turning point is approximately at Z=1×1016s-1 for a low carbon steel with 0.171wt% C. The results also indicate that changing the minor constituents of the low carbon steel from pearlite colonies to fine cementite particles has an effect on promoting DRX of ferrite, and the increase of Mn content and the presence of tiny Nb precipitates have opposite effects respectively. However, all these changes are of benefit to the refinement of recrystallized grains.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cooled and Tempered Cu and Nb-Bearing Ultra-Low Carbon Steels

2010 ◽  
Vol 638-642 ◽  
pp. 3242-3247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Zhi Qiang Yao ◽  
Shan Wu Yang ◽  
Xin Lai He
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Niobium Content ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ultra Low Carbon Steel

To improve the toughness and weldability, the carbon content of the steels has to be deduced, and more and more attention has been attracted to the low carbon and ultra-low carbon steels. To strengthen the microstructure Cu and Nb-bearing steels are developed. However, the knowledge on influence of combined addition of Cu and Nb is still in lack. The microstructure and mechanical properties are studied in the 6-mm thick as-rolled and tempered ultra-low carbon steel plates with varied copper and niobium content. The microstructure and mechanical properties are studied in the 6-mm thick as-rolled and tempered ultra-low carbon steel plates with varied copper and niobium content. The experimental results show that if niobium is added without copper, the increase of niobium addition does not have a significant influence on the phase transformation and mechanical properties before tempering. The strength and toughness of those copper-free niobium steels do not vary significantly after tempered at different temperatures, while the strength of niobium steels with 1.8% copper added increases after tempered in the range of 450-650°C and reaches a peak at 500-550°C. If combined with 1.8% copper, the increase of niobium addition from 0.08% to 0.16% improves the hardenabililty and strength significantly, and the strength peak after tempering moves to a lower temperature. The strength of air-cooled niobium steels with 1.8% copper added is usually higher than those water-cooled, while after tempered at a proper temperature, the strength of the latter becomes higher than the former.

Evolution of Textures and Microstructures in Low-Reduction Rolled and Annealed Low-Carbon Steels

2012 ◽  
Vol 715-716 ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu Hwan Oh ◽  
Yang Mo Koo ◽  
Dong Nyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Unusual Behavior ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Steel Sheets

A study has been made of the evolution of the microstructures and textures in three kinds of low-carbon steel sheets (MAFE, BH and IF) having well developed <111>//ND texture that were rolled by low reductions and annealed at 780 °C in Ar atmosphere. The steel sheets developed different microstructures and textures, even though their initial textures and thermomechanical treatments were similar. MAFE steel showed an unusual behavior that grains with high Taylor factors survived and grew very rapidly. This unusual behavior and the differences in microstructure and texture have been discussed.

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