Nanosecond Laser Direct-Part Marking of Data Matrix Symbols on Titanium Alloy Substrates

2018 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
Chun Ling Li ◽  
Chang Hou Lu ◽  
Jian Mei Li
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Nanosecond Laser ◽  
Direct Part ◽  
Laser Marking ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Machine Readable

In the application of laser marking, the biggest challenge is that machine-readable barcodes with superior quality were not marked consistently. To solve this problem, laser direct-part marking Data Matrix barcode experiments were carried out on titanium alloy substrates, using a Q-switched light-pumped Nd:YAG laser. The microstructure of the symbols was analyzed using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The internal micro-stresses of the marked areas were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The influence of the pulse frequency on the symbol contrast is analyzed. Results showed the interaction between the laser and the titanium alloy can be found. This can further explain the physical mechanism of laser direct part marking Data Matrix symbols on titanium alloy substrates.

Study of Effect of Laser Marking Data Matrix Symbols on Titanium Alloy Sheets Using Nd:YAG Laser

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 2165-2168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Ling Li
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Laser Marking ◽  
High Heat Input ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Matrix Symbol

Laser direct-part marking is finding increasing use in the tracking of products as they pass through a manufacturing process. But too high heat input of the laser may cause deformation of the product beyond the limit of the drawing. In order to investigate the effect of laser marked Data Matrix symbol on titanium alloy, a Q-switched lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser was used in this research. Two Data Matrix symbols using 16A and 28A of electric current were marked respectively in the center of two titanium alloy sheets with 50mm length and 50mm width and 2mm thickness. To analyze the quality of the laser marking, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were used. Experimental results showed the HAN’S Q-switched lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser marking system did not cause damage to the titanium alloy.

Laser Marking Technology of Color Direct Part Marking Based on Data Matrix

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 091202
Author(s):  
耿影 Geng Ying ◽  
李建美 Li Jianmei ◽  
高鸿志 Gao Hongzhi
Keyword(s):  
Data Matrix ◽  
Direct Part ◽  
Laser Marking

scholarly journals Исследование влияния обработки лазерными импульсами наносекундной длительности на структуру субмикрокристаллического титана

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Ю.Р. Колобов ◽  
С.С. Манохин ◽  
Г.В. Одинцова ◽  
В.И. Бетехтин ◽  
А.Г. Кадомцев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Nanosecond Laser ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nanosecond Laser Pulses

The microstructure of a thin subsurface layer of VT1-0 titanium alloy samples in the initial submicrocrystalline state after exposure to nanosecond laser pulses has been studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (with the possibility of X-ray microanalysis).

OFAT Experimental Study of Laser Direct-Part Marking of Data Matrix Symbols on Titanium Alloys

2014 ◽  
Vol 915-916 ◽  
pp. 1027-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Ling Li
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Laser Line ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Direct Part ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Laser Parameter ◽  
Laser Marking ◽  
Line Spacing ◽  
Single Factor Analysis

To identify critical laser marking parameters which have a statistically significant effect on the contrasts of laser marked Data Matrix symbols on titanium alloy substrates, a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used in the laser marking process. The influence of six laser marking parameters (i.e. electric current, effective vector step, delay between the effective vector step, Q-switch frequency, Q release time, and laser line spacing) on the contrasts of laser marked Data Matrix symbols were studied. Single-factor analysis of variance(ANOVA) tests with a 95% confidence level were employed to determine whether a laser parameter had a statistically significant impact on the contrasts of laser marked Data Matrix symbols. Experimental results showed that four laser marking parameters (i.e. electric current, effective vector step, Q-switch frequency, and laser line spacing) have a statistically significant effect on the contrasts of laser marked Data Matrix symbols.

Contrast Prediction for Laser Direct Part Marked Data Matrix Symbols on Titanium Alloy Substrates

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 2161-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Ling Li
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Direct Part ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Mathematical Relationship ◽  
Experimental Values

To establish a mathematical relationship between Nd:YAG laser parameters and the qualities of laser direct marked Data Matrix symbols on titanium alloys, multiple linear regression analyses were performed based on orthogonal experiment results. According to the analysis results, the paper developed a prediction model to estimate the contrasts of laser direct marked Data Matrix symbols (i.e. Symbol Contrast). The prediction model was statistically analyzed by regression analysis and multi-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). The predicted symbol contrasts were compared with the experimental values and they were close. The multiple linear regression analyses results showed that the developed prediction model was extremely significant and could be used to estimate the symbol contrast in laser direct part marking.

Environmental scanning electron microscopy of fresh human gallstones reveals new morphologies of precipitated calcium salts

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1322-1323
Author(s):  
Howard S. Kaufman ◽  
Keith D. Lillemoe ◽  
John T. Mastovich ◽  
Henry A. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Cholesterol Gallstones ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ca Carbonate ◽  
Scanning Electron

Gallstones contain precipitated cholesterol, calcium salts, and proteins. Calcium (Ca) bilirubinate, palmitate, phosphate, and carbonate occurring in gallstones have variable morphologies but characteristic windowless energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectra. Previous studies of gallstone microstructure and composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX have been limited to dehydrated samples. In this state, Ca bilirubinates appear as either glassy masses, which predominate in black pigment stones, or as clusters, which are found mostly in cholesterol gallstones. The three polymorphs of Ca carbonate, calcite, vaterite, and aragonite, have been identified in gallstones by x-ray diffraction, however; the morphologies of these crystals vary in the literature. The purpose of this experiment was to study fresh gallstones by environmental SEM (ESEM) to determine if dehydration affects gallstone Ca salt morphology.Gallstones and bile were obtained fresh at cholecystectomy from 6 patients. To prevent dehydration, stones were stored in bile at 37°C. All samples were studied within 4 days of procurement.

Detector strategies for environmental scanning electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1296-1297
Author(s):  
Klaus-Ruediger Peters
Keyword(s):  
High Vacuum ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Surface Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detector Electrode ◽  
Electrons And Ions ◽  
Low Energy Electrons ◽  
Environmental Sem

Environmental SEM operate at specimen chamber pressures of ∼20 torr (2.7 kPa) allowing stabilization of liquid water at room temperature, working on rugged insulators, and generation of an environmental secondary electron (ESE) signal. All signals available in conventional high vacuum instruments are also utilized in the environmental SEM, including BSE, SE, absorbed current, CL, and X-ray. In addition, the ESEM allows utilization of the flux of charge carriers as information, providing exciting new signal modes not available to BSE imaging or to conventional high vacuum SEM.In the ESEM, at low vacuum, SE electrons are collected with a “gaseous detector”. This detector collects low energy electrons (and ions) with biased wires or plates similar to those used in early high vacuum SEM for SE detection. The detector electrode can be integrated into the first PLA or positioned at any other place resulting in a versatile system that provides a variety of surface information.

Electron behavior in the gaseous environment of the ESEM chamber

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 838-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Wight
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Electron ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Carbon Block ◽  
Faraday Cup ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gaseous Environment ◽  
Working Distance

Measurements of electrons striking the sample in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) are needed to begin to understand the effect of the presence of the gas on analytical measurements. Accurate beam current is important to x-ray microanalysis and it is typically measured with a faraday cup. A faraday cup (Figure 1) was constructed from a carbon block embedded in non-conductive epoxy with a 45 micrometer bore platinum aperture over the hole. Currents were measured with an electrometer and recorded as instrument parameters were varied.Instrument parameters investigated included working distance, chamber pressure, condenser percentage, and accelerating voltage. The conditions studied were low vacuum with gaseous secondary electron detector (GSED) voltage on; low vacuum with GSED voltage off; and high vacuum (GSED off). The base conditions were 30 kV, 667 Pa (5 Torr) water vapor, 100,000x magnification with the beam centered inside aperture, GSED voltage at 370 VDC, condenser at 50%, and working distance at 19.5 mm. All modifications of instrument parameters were made from these conditions.

Resolution of a protein sequence ambiguity by X-ray crystallographic and mass spectrometric methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Keefe ◽  
E. E. Lattman ◽  
C. Wolkow ◽  
A. Woods ◽  
M. Chevrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Protein Crystal ◽  
Insertion Mutant ◽  
Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray

Ambiguities in amino acid sequences are a potential problem in X-ray crystallographic studies of proteins. Amino acid side chains often cannot be reliably identified from the electron density. Many protein crystal structures that are now being solved are simple variants of a known wild-type structure. Thus, cloning artifacts or other untoward events can readily lead to cases in which the proposed sequence is not correct. An example is presented showing that mass spectrometry provides an excellent tool for analyzing suspected errors. The X-ray crystal structure of an insertion mutant of Staphylococcal nuclease has been solved to 1.67 Å resolution and refined to a crystallographic R value of 0.170 [Keefe & Lattman (1992). In preparation]. A single residue has been inserted in the C-terminal α helix. The inserted amino acid was believed to be an alanine residue, but the final electron density maps strongly indicated that a glycine had been inserted instead. To confirm the observations from the X-ray data, matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry was employed to verify the glycine insertion. This mass spectrometric technique has sufficient mass accuracy to detect the methyl group that distinguishes glycine from alanine and can be extended to the more common situation in which crystallographic measurements suggest a problem with the sequence, but cannot pinpoint its location or nature.

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