Nanomagnetite Extraction from Iron Sand Prepared by Mechanical Alloying Method

In this paper, the magnetic properties of Aceh iron sand was studied. The iron sand was collected from the Syiah Kuala coastal area, Banda Aceh and obtained by mechanical alloying method using planetary ball milling. The mineral compositions were investigated by XRD and XRF analysis tests. The XRF test showed that the sand mostly contain magnetite, Fe3O4 (85.80%) in association with other impurities of SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and some others minor minerals. Compare to XRD results, the phase compositions were mainly magnetite (Fe3O4). So, it is consistent with the XRF data. The electron microscopy observation (SEM) showed the fine crystalline structure and the main morphology was micro-crystalline in agglomerate forms. Furthermore, the magnetic properties after 20 hours milling showed the increasing in the coercivity (Hc) and remanent (Br), while the magnetic saturation (Ms) was decreased. This behavior can be explained that nano-Fe3O4 phase after the milling process plays an important role in the magnetic properties of iron sand.

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Influence of the Milling Time on Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Cu90Co5Ni5 Alloy Obtained by Mechanical Alloying

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.423.119 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 423 ◽

pp. 119-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marta López ◽

M. Elena Gómez ◽

David Reyes ◽

K. Ramam ◽

Ramalinga V. Mangalaraja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Magnetic Particles ◽

Milling Time ◽

Copper Matrix ◽

Milling Process ◽

Sintering Behavior ◽

Powder Samples ◽

Xrd Patterns ◽

Sintered Alloys

The structure, mechanical and magnetic properties of Cu90Co5Ni5 alloys produced by mechanical alloying and subsequent cold consolidation and sintering behavior, have been investigated. A system of small Co and Ni magnetic particles embedded in the non-magnetic copper matrix were prepared through a mechanical milling process by using a planetary ball mill under argon atmosphere for 20 to 60 h. The morphology and particles size, phase formation and chemical composition of the alloyed powder samples for each milling time were characterized by scanning electron microscope and powder X-ray diffraction techniques, respectively. After milling for 60 h, a supersaturated solid solution with coercive field Hc with maximum value of 235Oe was obtained. The continuous decreasing trend of saturation magnetization (Ms) with increasing of milling time can be explained by the reduction of copper oxide by (CoNi) oxide formation, confirmed by powder XRD patterns. The XRD analyses of the as-milled samples revealed that the Bragg peaks of FCC-Co changed partially to HCP-Co on increasing the milling time. Cu90Co5Ni5 powders cold consolidated and sintered at 650°C for 1h segregated mainly into two-phases of mixed (fcc,hc)-Co and fcc-CuNi. After sintering, the mechanical properties for 60h milling reached its optimum, 26HV in hardness corresponding to 250MPa as compressive strength. TEM microanalysis of sintered alloys revealed Co cluster of 2 to 5 nm in size separated each one by 10 to 20 nm in size. The variation of magnetic properties and its dependence on structural-precipitation change with milling time are discussed.

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Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Fe65Co35 Powders Prepared by Mechanical Alloying

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.778 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 829 ◽

pp. 778-783 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohsen Razi ◽

Ali Ghasemi ◽

Gholam Hossein Borhani

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Milling Time ◽

Cooling System ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Lattice Parameter ◽

Milling Process ◽

Protective Atmosphere ◽

Average Particle

Nanostructured Fe65Co35 alloy powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying in an attritor mill with different milling times. The milling process carried out in speed of 350 rpm, with 20:1 ball to powder weight ratio and under argon protective atmosphere. A continuous cooling system applied to avoid increasing temperature during the milling. The effect of milling time on structural and magnetic properties investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and vibration sample magnetometer. According to the obtained results, nanostructured Fe65Co35 solid solution powders resulted with an average particle size of 400 nm and crystallite size of 6.8 nm by milling for 20 hours. With increasing the milling time, the lattice parameter decreased and the lattice strain increased for Fe65Co35 powders. The maximum saturation magnetization with 1311 emu/cc value and the minimum coercivity with 22 Oe value occurs after milling for 15 hours.

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Crystal structure, microstructure, and magnetic properties of the Fe2CrSi nanostructured Heusler alloy elaborated by the mechanical alloying method

International Journal of Materials Research (formerly Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde) ◽

10.1515/ijmr-2020-1110810 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 111 (8) ◽

pp. 681-687

Author(s):

Fatiha Djaidi ◽

Hanane Mechri ◽

Mohammed Azzaz

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Magnetic Properties ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Heusler Alloy ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Disordered Crystal ◽

Microstructure And Magnetic Properties

Abstract The Fe2CrSi nanostructured Heusler alloy was prepared by mechanical alloying followed by heat treatment. The structure, microstructure, and magnetic properties of the samples were studied by the following analysis methods: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The a-Fe (Si, Cr) solid solution with a disordered body centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure was obtained after 24 h of milling. An example of the sample milled for 32 h with a disordered crystal structure a-Fe(Si, Cr) was chosen to investigate the transformation with temperature using differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of annealing temperatures on the structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties of the ordered Fe2CrSi Heusler phase for the sample milled for 32 h was investigated.

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Effect of Boron on the Amorphization of Fe-Si Alloys by Mechanical Alloying

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.739 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 730-732 ◽

pp. 739-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Petr Urban ◽

Francisco Gomez Cuevas ◽

Juan M. Montes ◽

Jesus Cintas

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Alloy System ◽

High Energy ◽

Milling Process ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Structural And Phase Transformations ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Energy Ball

The amorphization process by mechanical alloying in the Fe-Si alloy system has been studied. High energy ball milling has been applied for alloys synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to monitor the structural and phase transformations through the different stages of milling. The addition of amorphous boron in the milling process and the increase of the milling time were used to improve the formation of the amorphous phase. Heating the samples resulted in the crystallization of the synthesized amorphous alloys and the appearance of equilibrium intermetallic compounds.

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Phase transformations and microstructural evolution in nanocrystalline Fe71B23Nb6 alloy prepared by mechanical alloying

International Journal of Materials Research (formerly Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde) ◽

10.1515/ijmr-2020-1110406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 111 (4) ◽

pp. 307-315

Author(s):

Mahmoud Chemingui ◽

Chahida Mnasri ◽

Christelle Nivot ◽

Arnaud Tricoteaux ◽

Yannick Lorgouilloux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Alloy Powder ◽

Milling Time ◽

Milling Process ◽

Microstructural Properties ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Prepared Alloy ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract A new nanocrystalline Fe71B23Nb6 alloy powder was prepared by mechanical alloying. The phase transformation and morphological and microstructural properties of the as-prepared alloy were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, laser granulometry, and X-ray diffraction with respect to the milling time (0- 200 h). During the milling process, it was observed that the dissolution of Nb and B atoms into the Fe matrix formed solid solutions of Fe (Nb), Fe (B), Fe23B6, Fe2B, and Fe (Nb, B). Moreover, the insertion of B atoms into the Nb network generated the Nb (B) phase. Furthermore, the minimum crystallite size was measured as approximately 1 nanometer. In addition, the dislocation density gradually increased with the extension of the milling time, and the crystallization of the partially amorphous phase occurred after 200 h of milling.

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Effects of a Partial Substitution of Fe by Al on Nanostructure and Magnetic Properties of (Nd,Pr)-(Fe,Co)-B Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Alloying

Journal of Nano Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.48.171 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 ◽

pp. 171-176

Author(s):

Rahim Sabbaghizadeh ◽

Roslinda Shamsudin ◽

Samikanu Kanagesan ◽

Ghazaleh Bahmanrokh

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Magnetic Properties ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Remanent Magnetization ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

Microstructure And Magnetic Properties

In this study, Nanocrystalline Nd8Pr2Fe79-xCo5B6Alx (x= 0, 1, 2, 3) magnets were prepared by mechanical alloying method and respective heat treatment in a constant time and temperature. Afterward, the effects of the Al addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-Co-B alloy were studied. The changes in the nanostructure and magnetic properties were examined by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), combined with Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FeSEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Addition of Al was found to be effective for improving the coercivity parameter and the hysteresis squareness in Nd–Fe–Co–B magnets without decreasing much the remanent magnetization.

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Effect of High Energy Ball Milling Washing Process on Properties of Nd2Fe14B Particles Obtained by Reduction-Diffusion

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.244 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 822 ◽

pp. 244-251

Author(s):

Vitalii Galkin ◽

Kamran Haider ◽

Jong Bin Ahn ◽

Dong Soo Kim

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Ball Milling ◽

Magnetic Particles ◽

Neodymium Oxide ◽

High Energy ◽

Milling Process ◽

Milling Parameters ◽

Washing Process ◽

Planetary Ball Milling ◽

Energy Ball

Nd2Fe14B particles were obtained from mixture of neodymium oxide, iron oxide, boric acid and CaH2 by reduction-diffusion process. Two different washing processes were used for the separation of magnetic particles from Ca and CaO matrix: usual washing with water and planetary ball milling process in ethanol media. Nd2Fe14BHx hydrogenated state was formed after usual washing with water. Ethanol planetary ball milling washing procedure prevented the formation of Nd2Fe14B hydrides during washing. Variation of milling parameters allowed producing particles with different morphology such as spherical or flakes after planetary ball milling washing process. Influence of milling parameters on magnetic properties of Nd2Fe14B powder was investigated.

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The Structure and its Dependence on the Magnetic Properties of Ni5CoXCu95-X Alloys Produced by Mechanical Alloying and Subsequent Annealing

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3876 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 638-642 ◽

pp. 3876-3882

Author(s):

Marta López ◽

M. Elena Gómez ◽

David Reyes ◽

K. Ramam ◽

Ramalinga V. Mangalaraja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Magnetic Particles ◽

Milling Time ◽

Strong Dependence ◽

Pure Copper ◽

Milling Process ◽

Subsequent Annealing ◽

Solid Solution Matrix ◽

Xrd Techniques

Lower energy-ball milling was used to prepare magnetic granular Ni5CoXCu95-X alloys produced by mechanical alloying through a milling process and subsequent annealing process, have been investigated. The pure copper shows high electrical conductivity and malleability, however the Cu-Co system in the thermodynamic equilibrium is non-soluble below 500°C. Nevertheless, mechanical alloyed particles of Cu with 5-7%Co and 5%Ni can be subjected to annealing at 500°C or consolidation-sintering treatments to obtain composite materials thereby improving their mechanical and magnetic properties suitable for electronic devices. The ultrafine Co and (Co,Ni) particles reduced and dispersed in the copper powder matrix with milling times of 20 to 60 h and thus affected the magnetic properties of the as-milled Ni5CoXCu95-X powder obtained from this non-equilibrium phases synthesis. The magnetic properties of the supersaturated solid solutions are strongly dependent on the interactions among the magnetic particles and the nanometric size of these particles. The morphology, structure and size of as-milled and sintered powders were characterized by SEM, HRTEM and XRD techniques. The results show that the microstructure, hardness and magnetic properties of the granular Ni5CoXCu95-X alloy have strong dependence of milling time. The continuous decrement of Ms as a function of milling time is a consequence to the variation of phase in the composition with formation of CoNi particle and the partial change of fcc-Co to hcp-Co. Super-paramagnetic behavior is observed in both as-milled and annealed powders, with a maximum Hc of 250-260 Oe obtained for 7%Co after 60h of milling. The effect of Nickel on the Ni5CoXCu95-X can be explained as Ni content inhibit the two-solid (Cu-Co) phases segregation of the alloys when annealed at high temperature, leading to a grained structure with precipitated Co particles in homogeneous Cu-Ni strengthened solid solution matrix.

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Properties of Nanocrystalline Fe75Si15M10 (M—Cr and Al) Powders Prepared by Mechanical Alloying

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/jnn.2008.an52 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 4314-4317 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. P. C. Kalita ◽

A. Perumal ◽

A. Srinivasan ◽

Brajesh Pandey ◽

H. C. Verma

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Milling Time ◽

Average Crystallite Size ◽

Milling Process ◽

Nanocrystalline Powders ◽

Average Dislocation Density ◽

Random Anisotropy ◽

Anisotropy Model ◽

Non Equilibrium

We report the structural and magnetic properties of the nanocrystalline Fe75Si15M10 (M—Al and Cr) powders prepared by mechanical alloying. The milling process produced a non-equilibrium solid solutions of bcc α-Fe(Si, Cr) and α-Fe(Si, Al). The average dislocation density increases and the average crystallite size decreases with increasing milling time. Magnetic property studies show that the coercivity of the sample increases and magnetization of the sample decreases with increasing milling time. The evolution of a non-equilibrium solid solution and the resulting magnetic properties of nanocrystalline powders are explained on the basis of Neel theory and modified random anisotropy model proposed by Shen et al.

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Phase Composition and Magnetic Behaviour of Iron Sand from Syiah Kuala Beach Prepared by Mechanical Alloying

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS ◽

10.13057/ijap.v4i01.1180 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (01) ◽

pp. 110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zulkarnain Jalil ◽

Eva Novita Sari ◽

Ismail A B ◽

Erfan Handoko

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Phase Composition ◽

Mechanical Alloying ◽

Ball Milling ◽

Ball Mill ◽

Magnetic Behavior ◽

Magnetic Behaviour ◽

Planetary Ball Mill ◽

Magnetization Saturation ◽

Banda Aceh

It has recently been investigated that ball milling can improve the magnetic properties of natural iron sand significantly. In this work, we present the phase composition and magnetic behavior of iron sand from Syiah Kuala Beach, Banda Aceh. Samples were prepared by mechanical alloying method using a Fritsch planetary ball mill for 20 hours. As the results, it was shown by XRD test that Fe3O4 (magnetite) appears as the majority phase and the magnetic properties observation shown that the magnetization saturation (Ms) and remanent (Br) was decreased with the increasing of the coercivity (Hc).

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