Yield Enhancement of Activated Carbon Palm Kernel Shells Based through Carbonization Solidification Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Tiara Amelia Valency ◽  
Azwar Manaf ◽  
Mas Ayu Elita Hafizah
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

Utilization of palm oil waste in palm kernel shells as activated carbon, the activated carbon manufacturing goes through several processes, including dehydration, carbonization, and activation. Palm shell particle size was controlled during the activated carbon synthesis process through the temperature of the milling time and carbonization processes. The carbonization process was carried out using an electric furnace at carbonization temperatures 400, 600, and 800 °C, respectively. A carbonization time was 1 hour under vacuum condition to produce initial values of particle and grain sizes that had a neat structure and had absorption capacity. The particle size of formed activated carbon was measured by PSA (particle size analyzer) type Coulter LS 100Q micron scale. The particle size of active carbon was dependent on the carbonization temperature at 400, 600, and 800 °C was obtained particle size 19,90, 9,507, and 6,264 μm, respectively. Several characterizations are required to determine the properties of activated carbon was obtained. FTIR Spectrophotometer was used to observe activated carbon’s molecule structure before and after dehydration and carbonization process. It was found that the specific fingerprint at 2913,91 cm-1 and 2923,56 cm-1 for the carbon chain of activated carbon. Other physical and chemical properties were conducted to investigate moisture content, thermal property, yield enhancement, and formed product appearance.

Effect of Particle Size on the Physical Properties of Activated Palm Kernel Shell for Supercapacitor Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 833 ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
Ridwan Tobi Ayinla ◽  
John Ojur Dennis ◽  
Hasnah Bt Moh’d Zaid ◽  
Fahad Usman ◽  
Asfand Yar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Supercapacitor Application ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

The advantages of palm kernel shell (PKS) as a renewable and sustainable material for activated carbon production have been explored for various applications such as water treatment, pollutant, pesticide, and heavy metal adsorption. However, the full promises of this material for energy storage devices have not been duly studied. In this research, PKS is physically activated and the effect of particle size on the physical characteristics of the activated char was investigated. Pellet (3 mm), granules (0.4 mm), and powder (0.0075 mm) are the sizes considered in the experiment. The surface morphology, surface area, porosity and functional group at different sized was analyzed. Finally, a suitable particle size was recommended for the electrode material of supercapacitor based on the physical characteristics of the activated carbon.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic activated carbon developed from palm kernel shells

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinedum Anyika ◽  
Nur Asilayana Mohd Asri ◽  
Zaiton Abdul Majid ◽  
Adibah Yahya ◽  
Jafariah Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Magnetic Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

Effect of particle size and temperature on gasification performance of coconut and palm kernel shells in downdraft fixed-bed reactor

Energy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 931-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zubair Yahaya ◽  
Mahendra Rao Somalu ◽  
Andanastuti Muchtar ◽  
Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman ◽  
Wan Ramli Wan Daud
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Downdraft Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

Production and evaluation of activated carbon from palm kernel shells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Shekar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
General Population ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Petroleum Derivatives ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

The Shell activated carbon for activated carbon. Activation of char prepared at 600 C. Activated carbon prepared with high temperature char had a significant amount of microspore volume. For all carbonization rates, both microspore and macrospore volumes showed maximum values of carbon burn-off. Only a small amount of mesoporous was developed in the initial stage of activation. However, there has been a rapid development in mesoporous was observed. The pattern has been shown. Therefore, the voracious interest for energizes, eco-friendliness and execution assurance and calls for natural well-disposed elective fills sources, while not over depending on petroleum derivatives. The point of this work was to deliver carbonized carbon from palm kernel shells (PKS) via carbonization strategy at temperature of 600°C. The outcomes demonstrate that the AC created from PKS upon 2 days’ corrosive impregnation pursued by carbonation periods, purged both water bodies superior to anything the others on decrease of microbial and smaller scale pollution substance of the water bodies. The ramifications of the outcomes demonstrate that generation of the carbon from PKS is esteem expansion to oil palm handling, lift to the national economy and constructive natural effect to the general population that produce and use PKS. Thus, unique thing conclusions, for instance, bio energy and bio-broil age for adsorption purposes from palm partition shells, are enabled in system endeavors as against the sole traditional start for warmth creation. Available online at https://int-scientific-journals.com

scholarly journals Adsorption behaviour and mechanism of the PFOS substitute OBS (sodium p -perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate) on activated carbon

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 191069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xin Mi ◽  
Huilan Shi ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Ziming Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Adsorption Behaviour ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Naoh Solution

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was listed as a persistent organic pollutant by the Stockholm Convention. As a typical alternative to PFOS, sodium p -perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) has recently been detected in the aquatic environment which has caused great concern. For the first time, the adsorption behaviour and mechanism of OBS on activated carbon (AC) with different physical and chemical properties were investigated. Decreasing the particle size of AC can accelerate its adsorption for OBS, while AC with too small particle size was not conducive to its adsorption capacity due to the destruction of its pore structure during the mechanical crushing process. Intra-particle diffusion had a lesser effect on the adsorption rate of AC with smaller particle size, higher hydrophilicity and larger pore size. Reactivation of AC by KOH can greatly enlarge their pore size and surface area, greatly increasing their adsorption capacities. The adsorption capacity of two kinds of R-GAC exceeded 0.35 mmol g −1 , significantly higher than that of other ACs. However, increasing the hydrophilicity of AC would decrease their adsorption capacities. Further investigation indicated that a larger pore size and smaller particle size can greatly enhance the adsorptive removal of OBS on AC in systems with other coexisting PFASs and organic matter due to the reduction of the pore-blocking effect. The spent AC can be successfully regenerated by methanol, and it can be partly regenerated by hot water and NaOH solution. The percentage of regeneration for the spent AC was 70.4% with 90°C water temperature and up to 95% when 5% NaOH was added into the regeneration solution. These findings are very important for developing efficient adsorbents for the removal of these newly emerging PFASs from wastewater and understanding their interfacial behaviour.

scholarly journals SOLVENT EFFECT ON ZERO-VALENT IRON NANOPARTICLES (nZVI) PREPARATION AND ITS THERMAL OXIDATION CHARACTERISTIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patiparn Boonruam ◽  
Soipatta Soisuwan ◽  
Piyachat Wattanachai ◽  
Héctor Morillas ◽  
Settakorn Upasen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Thermal Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Cubic Phase ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticle exists a nanoscale (1-100 nm) of the iron particle with zero oxidation number. It has acquired considerable attention for its potential to capture the free-electron moieties. The production and storage of ZVI material, however, is challenging because it is relatively unstable. In this research, we aim to study of solvent effects on ZVI preparation and its characterization. The nano-scaled ZVI was synthesized by a chemical reduction method. Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) was as a chemical precursor and sodium borohydride solution (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. Two parameters used in this study were: i) solvent types (ethanol, diethyl ether, and acetone) ii) proportion of solvent and deionized water (4:0, 4:1, and 4:2 by volume). We characterized the physical and chemical properties of the synthesized samples (e.g. particle size and distribution, morphology, and the chemical composition) using various techniques, for example, TEM, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and XRD. Moreover, we performed a thermal oxidation reaction of synthesized powder samples using DSC and TGA tools. The results show that the nZVI particle formed a spherical shape with the smallest particle size of 39 nm. The solvent type was the key parameter protecting the oxidation reaction during the synthesis process. According to the spherical shape of the synthesized nZVI samples, an estimated specific surface area was also reported. The cubic structure of nZVI particles was estimated at 79-81 wt.%, and almost 20 wt.% was attributed to iron oxide (Fe2O3) cubic phase. The oxidation reaction occurred above 400oC. The minimum enthalpy of thermal oxidation was approximately 1600 J/g. Furthermore, the relation between thermal oxidation enthalpy and nZVI particle sizes were revealed and predicted by the Boltzmann equation.

scholarly journals Properties Tuning of Palm Kernel Shell Biochar Granular Activated Carbon Using Response Surface Methodology for Removal of Methylene Blue

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1002-1019
Author(s):  
S M Anisuzzaman ◽  
Nirwana Sinring ◽  
Rachel Fran Mansa
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

This study aimed to produce palm kernel shell granular activated carbon (PKSGAC) from slow vacuum pyrolysed PKS biochar (PKSB) via chemical activation using a horizontal tubular split zone furnace. The study also investigated the effects of varying parameters of the PKSGAC on its colour removal ability. The PKSB was activated through chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at various parameters such as activation temperature (700oC to 850oC), KOH concentration (50 % w/v to 100 % w/v) and particle size of PKSB (0.4 mm to 2.5 mm). The novelty of this work lies in the study of chemical activation on various particle size ranges using response surface methodology (RSM) to model the relationships between various parameters. The PKSB was characterized to determine its thermal condition, and the PKSGAC was characterized to determine the iodine number, bulk density, ash content, moisture content, surface area and morphology structure. The parameters that were used for each sample were determined by using the RSM based on central composite design (CCD). In this study, design expert version 11.0 software was used and three parameters as independent variables were manipulated. Finally, three different PKSGAC samples of different particle sizes were used to test for the methylene blue (MB) dye removal with the concentration of 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 15 mg/l and 20 mg/l. Thermal analysis showed that the total weight loss of the PKSB sample was 58.30% and for PKSGAC the range of the product yield as shown from the RSM was from 33.23% to 96.33%. The RSM also showed that the values for moisture content were in a range from 0% - 39%, as for the ash content value from 2% - 12%, while for the bulk density ranged from 0.17 g/cm3 - 0.50 g/cm3. The highest iodine value achieved was 1320 mg/g at activation temperature of 850oC, KOH concentration of 50% w/v and particle size of 0.4 mm. From the RSM, an iodine number of 1100 mg/g could be obtained using an activation temperature of 850oC, the KOH concentration of 69.22% w/v and the particle size of 0.59 mm. From the BET analysis, the PKSGAC sample obtained 581 m2/g for SBET and 0.3173 cm3/g for the Vtot. The highest percentage dye removal of MB dye was 89.61% to 97.63% at 775oC activation temperature, 75% w/v KOH concentration and 0.4 mm particle size. This work produced RSM models to predict the relationships between the parameters and the response, as well as the performance on MB dye removal.

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