Chemical Synthesis by Pechini Method for Obtation of ZnO Varistors

2005 ◽  
Vol 498-499 ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Ribeiro ◽  
E.G. da Costa ◽  
Lucianna Gama ◽  
Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa ◽  
Ruth Herta Goldsmith Aliaga Kiminami

The zinc oxide varistors are ceramic semiconductor devices doped with some metallic oxides such as: bismuth, nickel, manganese, cobalt, and others. The aim of this work is to characterize the varistors, obtained by the Pechini’s method, regarding their microstructure and electrical features. By using chemical synthesis, it has been produced ceramic powders. The powders have been compacted in the form of pellets and sintered at 1200°C/1h. The samples have been characterized by measurements of J x E, XRD and by SEM. The results show that the powders obtained through Pechini’s synthesis method and calcined at 700°C/1h have a particle size of less than 100 nm. The resulting microstructures show heterogeneous morphologies in a shape of pins and presence of inter and intragrain porosity. The electrically characterized results show that the produced varistors present a nonlinearity coefficient of 21 and breakdown voltage of 1590 V/cm.

2005 ◽  
Vol 498-499 ◽  
pp. 722-727
Author(s):  
M.A. Ribeiro ◽  
Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa ◽  
Hélio Lucena Lira ◽  
J.B.L. de Oliveira ◽  
Ruth Herta Goldsmith Aliaga Kiminami ◽  
...  

Conventional methods to obtain ceramic powders are inadequate for many technological applications because these powders react but slightly to sinterization, displaying weak reproducibility, nonhomogeneity and imprecise stoichiometric control of cations. Better results can be obtained by chemical synthesis because the powder retains its homogeneity on the atomic scale and may be calcined at low temperatures, yielding fine particulate oxides whose chemistry can be precisely controlled. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain the NiAl2O4 phase by the Pechini and combustion reaction methods, and comparatively analyze how these two synthesization methods affect the characteristics of the resulting powder, which was characterized by DRX, MEV and BET. The results revealed that both methods yield nanometric and crystalline NiAl2O4 powder having homogenous particle sizes and shapes. The powder obtained by the Pechini method exhibited agglomerate sizes 60% smaller than those obtained by combustion reaction.


Author(s):  
P.C. Ribeiro ◽  
E.G. da Costa ◽  
L. Gama ◽  
Ana Cristina F.M. Costa ◽  
Ruth H.G.A. Kiminami

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian L. M. Bernal ◽  
Bruno Gonano ◽  
Fredrik Lundvall ◽  
David S. Wragg ◽  
Helmer Fjellvåg ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Ramanathan Velmurugan ◽  
Jaikumar Mayakrishnan ◽  
S. Induja ◽  
Selvakumar Raja ◽  
Sasikumar Nandagopal ◽  
...  

Vegetable oil is considered as one among the promising alternatives for diesel fuel as it holds properties very close to diesel fuel. However, straight usage of vegetable oil in compression ignition (CI) engine resulted in inferior performance and emission behavior. This can be improved by modifying the straight vegetable oil into its esters, emulsion, and using them as a fuel in CI engine showcased an improved engine behavior. Waste cooking oil (WCO) is one such kind of vegetable oil gained a lot of attraction globally as it is generated in a large quantity locally. The present investigation aims at analyzing various parameters of single cylinder four stroke CI engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), waste cooking oil biodiesel water emulsion (WCOBE) while the engine is operated with a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Furthermore, an attempt is made to study the impact of nanofluids in the behavior of the engine fueled with WCOB blended with nanofluids (WCOBN50). This work also explored a novel method of producing nanofluids using one-step chemical synthesis method. Copper oxide (CuO) nanofluids were prepared by the above mentioned method and blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBN50) using ethylene glycol as a suitable emulsifier. Results revealed that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of WCOBN50 are significantly improved when compared to WCOB and WCOBE. Furthermore, a higher reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke emissions were observed with WCOBN50 on comparison with all other tested fuels at different power outputs. It is also identified that one-step chemical synthesis method is a promising technique for preparing nanofluids with a high range of stability.


2013 ◽  
Vol 582 ◽  
pp. 198-201
Author(s):  
Yosuke Tokoro ◽  
Takayuki Watanabe ◽  
Yuuki Sato ◽  
Shinzo Yoshikado

The effects of the addition of tin oxide (SnO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) to bismuth (Bi)-manganese (Mn)-cobalt (Co)-silicon (Si)-chromium (Cr)-nickel (Ni)-added zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors (a basic varistor) on the varistor voltage, resistance to electrical degradation, and leakage current were investigated. The addition of SnO2increased both the varistor voltage and the resistance to electrical degradation. However, simultaneous addition of both SnO2and Y2O3increased the varistor voltage but the resistance to electrical degradation deteriorated. ZnO varistors with varistor voltage over approximately 520 V/mm, excellent resistance to electrical degradation, and low leakage current could be obtained by adding SnO2with SnO2-to-ZnO molar ratio of approximately 1:10 to the basic varistor.


Cerâmica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (368) ◽  
pp. 536-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Lucena ◽  
L. C. de Lima ◽  
L. M. C. Honório ◽  
A. L. M. de Oliveira ◽  
R. L. Tranquilim ◽  
...  

Abstract Pure forms of alkaline-earth stannates with perovskite structure (ASnO3, A= Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) have been used as photocatalysts. In this work, CaSnO3 perovskite sample was synthesized by a modified Pechini method at 800 ºC and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of remazol golden yellow (RNL) dye under UV radiation was evaluated. The XRD pattern showed that the synthesis method favored the orthorhombic CaSnO3 crystallization. According to the Raman spectrum, a material with high short-range order was obtained despite of the relatively low synthesis temperature, compared to the solid-state reaction one. The highest photocatalytic activity was attained at pH 3, which presented 51% discoloration and improved activity of 35% compared to discoloration solely due to adsorption (absence of radiation). The point of zero charge (PZC) and the photocatalytic results indicated that a direct mechanism prevailed at pH 3, whereas an indirect mechanism prevailed at pH 6.


2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Zhukov ◽  
V. A. Arkhipov ◽  
S. S. Bondarchuk ◽  
V. D. Gol’din

Author(s):  
Oscar Ovalle-Encinia ◽  
Heriberto Pfeiffer ◽  
José Artemio Fabián-Anguiano ◽  
JOSE ORTIZ-LANDEROS

Lithium aluminate (LiAlO2) polymorphs have been synthesized by solid-state reaction, but these ceramics usually show certain limitations attributed to the low control on the particle size, morphology and specific surface area. In this sense, different chemical synthesis pathways, citrate precursor among them, have been studied to obtain ultrafine powders exhibiting enhanced textural and morphological features. Synthesis by citrate precursor method would involve the use of alternative chelating agents for the formation of more stable metal-chelate species, such as ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Thus, the aim of this work was to study the g-LiAlO2 synthesis by EDTA-citrate complexing approach to establish the effect of the synthesis route on the structural and microstructural characteristics of the resultant powders. The synthesized ceramic powders were calcined (600-900°C) and characterized by simultaneous TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques. Crystallization transition process from the precursors to the  g-LiAlO2 phase is reported. Results show that chemical synthesis by EDTA-citrate complexing method can produce pure and crystalline g-LiAlO2 nanoparticles at relative low temperatures (700 ºC). The possible formation mechanism is discussed.   Resumen. El aluminato de litio (LiAlO2) en sus diferentes fases polimórficas se ha sintetizado por la técnica convencional de reacción en estado sólido; sin embargo, este método presenta ciertas limitaciones desde el punto de vista del control que se tiene en el tamaño de partícula, morfología y área específica. En este sentido, se han estudiado diferentes rutas de síntesis química para la obtención de polvos ultrafinos que presenten propiedades texturales y características morfológicas mejoradas. Entre éstas, se encuentra la síntesis por citratos precursores; un método que además del ácido cítrico, puede involucrar el uso de agentes complejantes o quelantes alternativos para promover la formación de especies más estables. Un ejemplo de lo anterior es el ácido etilendiaminotetraacético o EDTA por sus siglas en inglés. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la síntesis del g-LiAlO2 por el método del citrato precursor-EDTA y establecer el efecto de la ruta de síntesis sobre las características estructurales y microestructurales de los compuestos obtenidos. Los polvos cerámicos sintetizados fueron calcinados a diferentes temperaturas (600-900 ºC) y caracterizados por diferentes técnicas como ATG-ATD, DRX, MEB, MET y adsorción-desorción de N2 a baja presión. Se estudió el proceso de descomposición y cristalización de los precursores hasta la obtención del óxido metálico de aluminato de litio. Los resultados muestran que el método de síntesis propuesto es adecuado para la obtención, a baja temperatura (700 ºC), de nanopartículas de la fase cristalina y pura del g-LiAlO2. Se discute un posible mecanismo de formación del compuesto de estudio a partir de los geles precursores usados.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 263498332110389
Author(s):  
S Morkoç Karadeniz

A simple wet-chemical synthesis method was developed to fabricate Zinc oxide micro-rod clusters. The synthesis process involved the rapid dilution of a zinc-bearing alkaline solution at 150°C in a convection oven on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The synthesis was carried out by immersing an unseeded ITO substrate in a mixture of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) and hexamethylenetetramine ((CH2)6N4) aqueous solution. The obtained sample was annealed at 400°C for 2 h. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized ZnO microstructures were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, respectively. The ZnO rod clusters are hexagonal phase of the wurtzite structure. The crystal grain sizes of the films were found to be 72.6, 84.3 and 66.3 nm for the (100), (002) and (101) crystal planes, respectively. The optical bandgap of the ZnO was determined to be 3.147 eV.


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