Oxidative Stress in Critically Ill Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caryl Goodyear-Bruch ◽  
Janet D. Pierce

Oxygen-derived free radicals play an important role in the development of disease in critically ill patients. Normally, oxygen free radicals are neutralized by antioxidants such as vitamin E or enzymes such as superoxide dismutase. However, in patients who require intensive care, oxygen free radicals become a problem when either a decrease in the removal or an overproduction of the radicals occurs. This oxidative stress and the damage due to it have been implicated in many diseases in critically ill patients. Many drugs and treatments now being investigated are directed toward preventing the damage from oxidative stress. The formation of reactive oxygen species, the damage caused by them, and the body’s defense system against them are reviewed. New interventions are described that may be used in critically ill patients to prevent or treat oxidative damage.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne S. Boden ◽  
Kurt O. Konhauser ◽  
Leslie J. Robbins ◽  
Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo

AbstractThe ancestors of cyanobacteria generated Earth’s first biogenic molecular oxygen, but how they dealt with oxidative stress remains unconstrained. Here we investigate when superoxide dismutase enzymes (SODs) capable of removing superoxide free radicals evolved and estimate when Cyanobacteria originated. Our Bayesian molecular clocks, calibrated with microfossils, predict that stem Cyanobacteria arose 3300–3600 million years ago. Shortly afterwards, we find phylogenetic evidence that ancestral cyanobacteria used SODs with copper and zinc cofactors (CuZnSOD) during the Archaean. By the Paleoproterozoic, they became genetically capable of using iron, nickel, and manganese as cofactors (FeSOD, NiSOD, and MnSOD respectively). The evolution of NiSOD is particularly intriguing because it corresponds with cyanobacteria’s invasion of the open ocean. Our analyses of metalloenzymes dealing with reactive oxygen species (ROS) now demonstrate that marine geochemical records alone may not predict patterns of metal usage by phototrophs from freshwater and terrestrial habitats.


Author(s):  
А.Г. Кутихин ◽  
Д.К. Шишкова ◽  
Р.А. Мухамадияров ◽  
Е.А. Великанова

Введение. Кальций-фосфатные бионы (КФБ) формируются в организме человека при перенасыщении сыворотки ионами кальция и фосфора и вызывают дисфункцию эндотелия, однако молекулярные механизмы нарушения функционирования эндотелия при воздействии КФБ не ясны. Цель исследования - выяснение роли кальций-фосфатных бионов различной формы в развитии окислительного стресса в артериальных эндотелиальных клетках (ЭК) человека. Методика. Для детекции окислительного стресса к конфлюэнтным культурам первичных ЭК коронарной и внутренней грудной артерии человека добавляли равные концентрации КФБ сферической или игольчатой формы (СКФБ и ИКФБ соответственно) с последующим культивированием в течение 1 и 4 ч, добавлением флюоресцентных индикаторов окислительного стресса MitoSOX Red и CellROX Green и конфокальной микроскопией. Измеряли концентрацию продуктов перекисного окисления липидов в культуральной жидкости через 24 ч экспозиции эндотелиальных клеток КФБ. Анализ нейтрализации цитотоксических эффектов перекисного окисления липидов проводили путем добавления к ЭК супероксиддисмутазы и каталазы на 4 или 24 ч (одновременно с КФБ). Для сравнения механизмов клеточной гибели при воздействии СКФБ и ИКФБ анализировали цитотоксичность обоих типов бионов при одновременном воздействии лизосомального ингибитора бафиломицина А1. Результаты. Значимого увеличения генерации активных форм кислорода (АФК) в результате экспозиции СКФБ (независимо от линии ЭК и продолжительности экспозиции) не было выявлено. В то же время наблюдалось повышение генерации супероксида через 4 ч, а иных свободных радикалов через 1 ч после добавления ИКФБ к ЭК. Предварительная нейтрализация АФК супероксиддисмутазой и каталазой частично защищала ЭК от индуцируемой ИКФБ гибели. При этом добавление бафиломицина А1 к ЭК частично защищало их от гибели только при воздействии СКФБ, но не ИКФБ. Заключение. Гибель ЭК при воздействии СКФБ происходит в результате первичного повреждения лизосом, а при воздействии ИКФБ - в первую очередь вследствие окислительного стресса. Background. Calcium phosphate bions (CPB) form in the human blood upon its supersaturation with calcium and phosphate and provoke endothelial dysfunction; however, the molecular mechanisms of these pathological processes remain unclear. Aim. To elucidate the role of differently shaped CPBs in induction of oxidative stress in human arterial endothelial cells (Ecs). Methods. For detection of oxidative stress, equal concentrations of spherical CPB (CPB-S) or needle-shaped CPB (CPB-N) were added to confluent cultures of primary human coronary artery and internal thoracic artery ECs for 1 and 4 h; this was followed by MitoSOX Red and CellROX Green staining and subsequent confocal microscopy. Concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was measured in the EC culture supernatant at 24 h of the CPB exposure. The lipid peroxidation cytotoxicity was neutralized by adding superoxide dismutase and catalase to ECs for 4 or 24 h. To compare cell death subroutines induced by CPB-S and CPB-N, the effect of bafilomycin A1, a lysosomal inhibitor, on CRB cytotoxicity was studied. Results. No increase in reactive oxygen species generation was observed in the CPB-S exposure, regardless of the EC line and exposure duration. However, addition of CPB-N to ECs increased the production of superoxide and other free radicals after four- and one-hour exposure, respectively. Prior neutralization of reactive oxygen species with superoxide dismutase and catalase partially protected ECs from CPB-N- but not CPB-S-induced death while bafilomycin A1, vice versa, protected ECs from CPB-S- but not CPB-N-induced death. Conclusion. CPB-S cause cell death due to primary damage of lysosomes whereas CPB-N induce apoptosis due to oxidative stress.


1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1823-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Azenabor ◽  
L. Hoffman-Goetz

Reactive oxygen species may contribute to apoptosis in lymphoid tissues observed after exercise. Thymic and splenic tissues excised from control mice (C) or mice immediately after ( t 0) or 24 h after ( t 24) a run to exhaustion (RTE) were assayed for biochemical indexes of oxidative stress [thymic and splenic membrane lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase, catalase, plasma uric acid (UA), and ascorbic acid (AA)]. There were significant increases in membrane lipid peroxides in thymus ( P < 0.001) and spleen ( P < 0.001) in acutely exercised mice relative to controls (thymus: C = 2.74 ± 0.80 μM; t 0 = 7.45 ± 0.48 μM; t 24 = 9.44 ±1.41 μM; spleen: C = 0.48 ± 0.22 μM; t 0 = 1.78 ± 0.28 μM; t 24 = 2.81 ± 0.34 μM). The thymic and splenic tissue antioxidant enzymes concentrations of superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly lower in samples collected at t 0 relative to C and t 24 mice ( P < 0.001). Plasma UA and AA levels were used to assess the impact of the RTE on the peripheral antioxidant pool. There was no significant change in UA levels and a significant reduction in plasma AA concentrations ( P < 0.001); the reduction in plasma AA occurred at t 24 (6.53 ± 1.64 μM) relative to t 0 (13.11 ± 0.71 μM) and C (13.26 ± 1.2 μM). These results suggest that oxidative damage occurs in lymphoid tissues after RTE exercise and that such damage may contribute to lymphocyte damage observed after acute exercise.


2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (3) ◽  
pp. G374-G384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Tian ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Naijuan Yao ◽  
Chunhua Hu ◽  
Yuchao Wu ◽  
...  

Liver sinusoids serve as the first line of defense against extrahepatic stimuli from the intestinal tract. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are pericytes residing in the perisinusoidal space that integrate cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in the sinusoids and relay these signals to the liver parenchyma. Oxidative stress has been shown to promote inflammation during acute liver failure (ALF). Whether and how oxidative stress is involved in HSC inflammation during ALF remains unclear. Level of systemic oxidative stress is reflected by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thus, ALF patients were recruited to investigate the correlation between plasma SOD levels and clinical features. Liver tissues were collected from chronic hepatitis patients by biopsy and from ALF patients who had undergone liver transplantation. SOD2 expression and HSCs activation were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Inflammation, mitophagy, and apoptosis were investigated by immunoblot analysis and flow cytometry in HSCs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) donors. The plasma SOD level was significantly increased in patients with ALF compared with those with cirrhosis (444.4 ± 23.58 vs. 170.07 ± 3.52 U/ml, P < 0.01) and was positively correlated with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Na score ( R2 = 0.4720, P < 0.01). In vivo observations revealed that SOD2 immunostaining was increased in ALF patients and mice models, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that LPS/ROS promoted inflammation via inhibiting mitophagy. Moreover, the regulation of inflammation was apoptosis independent in HSCs. LPS-induced increases in oxidative stress promote inflammation through inhibiting mitophagy in HSCs during the process of ALF, providing a novel strategy for the treatment of patients with ALF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we demonstrate that the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level is significantly increased in patients with acute liver failure (ALF), and, correlated with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Na score, SOD level dropped in the remission stage of ALF. We identify that, in liver tissue from ALF patients and mice models, manganese-dependent SOD was overexpressed, and show lipopolysaccharide/H2O2 inhibits mitophagy via reactive oxygen species in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We show that inhibited mitophagy promotes inflammation in HSCs, whereas mitophagy inducer rescues HSCs from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
E. Hicks ◽  
M. Mentler ◽  
B. D. Whitaker

Oxidative stress can have a negative effect on oocyte maturation during invitro production of pig embryos. Imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels can affect the progression of oocyte maturation up to the point of fertilization. Antioxidants are effective in maintaining more ideal reactive oxygen species levels, which help to protect oocytes from potential harmful effects of oxidative stress. Berries from the elder plant (Sambucus sp.) contain high levels of a broad spectrum of antioxidants. One of these antioxidants, cyanidin, when supplemented to maturation medium at 100μM concentrations, reduces reactive oxygen species formation and improves IVF and early embryonic development in pigs. However, changes in the enzyme mechanisms of action during oocyte maturation due to cyanidin supplementation are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterise the intracellular oocyte enzyme mechanisms between oocytes supplemented with 100μM cyanidin during 40 to 44h of maturation (n=600) and oocytes without supplementation of cyanidin during maturation (n=558). At the end of maturation, oocytes were evaluated for either glutathione peroxidase (n=300), catalase (n=564), or superoxide dismutase (n=294) activities. Glutathione peroxidase activity was determined by following the rate of NADPH oxidation, catalase activity was determined by following the rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition, and superoxide dismutase activity was determined by following the reduction rate of cytochrome c, utilising the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. There were no significant differences between oocytes matured with 100μM cyanidin and those that were not when comparing glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Supplementation of 100μM cyanidin to maturation medium increased (P&lt;0.05) catalase activity in oocytes (0.78±0.15 units/oocyte) compared with no cyanidin supplementation (0.14±0.11 units/oocyte). These results indicate that supplementing 100μM cyanidin to the maturation medium of pig oocytes could reduce the negative effects of oxidative stress by increasing intracellular catalase activity during oocyte maturation.


Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Y. Abramov ◽  
Elena V. Potapova ◽  
Viktor V. Dremin ◽  
Andrey V. Dunaev

Aggregation of the misfolded proteins β-amyloid, tau, huntingtin, and α-synuclein is one of the most important steps in the pathology underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, including the two most common ones—Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Activity and toxicity of these proteins depends on the stage and form of aggregates. Excessive production of free radicals, including reactive oxygen species which lead to oxidative stress, is proven to be involved in the mechanism of pathology in most of neurodegenerative disorders. Both reactive oxygen species and misfolded proteins play a physiological role in the brain, and only deregulation in redox state and aggregation of the proteins leads to pathology. Here, we review the role of misfolded proteins in the activation of ROS production from various sources in neurons and glia. We discuss if free radicals can influence structural changes of the key toxic intermediates and describe the putative mechanisms by which oxidative stress and oligomers may cause neuronal death.


2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Mukhopadhyay ◽  
J Dutta ◽  
R Raut ◽  
H Datta ◽  
A K Bhattacharyay

Objective: To compare oxidative stress between primary retinoblastoma and retinoblastoma with distant metastasis. Patients and methods: Forty consecutive patients presented with primary retinoblastoma and the same number of patients presented with distant metastasis, attending the outpatient department of our hospital between August 2002 and April 2005. All the patients with retinoblastoma underwent a standard metastasis workup and were subsequently categorized into two groups (without metastasis and with metastasis).Venous blood samples were drawn from each patient. After proper centrifugation, serum was collected and antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assayed. Main outcome measures: Serum collected from the patients was subjected to biochemical assay of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidise) and ROS to determine any difference in enzyme activity between the two groups. Results: Antioxidant levels were found to be less in the metastasis group as compared to the primary intraocular retinoblastoma group(p<0.05).Mean ROS activity was found to be increased in metastatic group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The decreased antioxidant enzymes level along with increased ROS activity in patients with metastatic retinoblastoma reflect increased oxidative stress as compared to primary intraocular retinoblastoma patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v4i2.6543 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2012; 4 (2): 271-276  


Author(s):  
Mojdeh Hosseinpoor Kashani ◽  
Mina Ramezani ◽  
Zeinab Piravar

Background: Acrylamide (AA) is a reactive molecule produced during food processing at temperatures above 120°C. Objective: To evaluate the impact of different concentrations of AA on human sperm parameters, oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, semen samples were obtained from healthy donors referred to the Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran between June and July 2019. Samples were divided into four groups (n = 10/each): one control and three treatment groups (0.5, 1, and 2 mM of AA). After 2 hr of exposure to AA, the superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels were measured based on colorimetric methods. The TAC was determined by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Also, immunohistochemistry was done to determine the effect of AA on tyrosine phosphorylation and carboxymethyl-lysine expression. Results: Results of the study demonstrated that the motility and viability of spermatozoa were significantly decreased after AA exposure (p < 0.001). This decrease was also seen in the TAC and superoxide dismutase activity as well as in the phosphotyrosine percentage compared with the control (p < 0.01). However, the carboxymethyllysine and prooxidant activity including reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation level increased (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, the results confirmed the detrimental effect of AA on human spermatozoa which may be due to oxidative stress and decreased total antioxidant levels. AA may reduce fertility by reducing sperm capacitation and motility. Key words: Acrylamide, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, Spermatozoa, Infertility.


2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina A Buhimschi ◽  
Carl P Weiner

Oxygen radicals and reactive oxygen species are normal attributes of aerobic life. In most molecules, the electrons are paired and, with the exception of hydrogen, the four outer most pairs of each atom form chemical bonds. Electrons are in a relatively stable energy state when paired. A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron. Free radicals of oxygen are of particular importance to living organisms in which they are involved in the genesis of a wide array of diseases and physiological processes (e.g. life span and ageing).


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