Ambient light intensity and direction determine relative attractiveness of yellow traps toRhagoletis indifferens(Diptera: Tephritidae)

AbstractUnderstanding factors that influence attraction of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to objects can lead to development of more sensitive traps for fly detection. Here, the objective was to determine if differences in attractiveness between two sticky yellow rectangle traps to western cherry fruit fly,Rhagoletis indifferensCurran, depend on ambient light intensity and direction. The translucent plastic Yellow Sticky Strip (YSS) was compared with the less translucent yellow cardboard Alpha Scents (AS). Flies were released inside a box or cage opposite a trap or traps illuminated from outside at different intensities to generate variable light passage. Regardless of type, the trap with greatest light passage was most attractive. When the same light intensity was shone on both traps, the YSS, which allowed greater light passage, was more attractive than the AS. When the light was inside a cage and shone onto the two traps in the same direction as approaching flies, the AS reflected more light and was more attractive. A field experiment generally supported light passage effects seen in the laboratory. Results suggest trap placement with respect to sunlight intensity and direction affects light passage and the attractiveness of yellow traps toR. indifferens.

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A Device to Simulate the Variability in Sunlight Intensity for Laboratory Cultures of Algae

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f78-181 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 35 (8) ◽

pp. 1152-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carl M. Boyd ◽

John Marra

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Key Words ◽

Light Source ◽

Diurnal Rhythms ◽

Continuous Control ◽

Environmental Light ◽

Laboratory Cultures ◽

Variable Light ◽

Sunlight Intensity ◽

Key Words Light Intensity

Simulation in the laboratory of the variability of environmental light intensity is achieved by automatic continuous control of voltage applied to a tungsten light source. Key words: light intensity, variable light, photosynthesis, diurnal rhythms

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Host Suitability Index for Polyphagous Tephritid Fruit Flies

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toab035 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter A Follett ◽

Fay E M Haynes ◽

Bernard C Dominiak

Keyword(s):

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Production ◽

General Purpose ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Host Suitability ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Infestation Rate ◽

Suitability Index ◽

Host Status ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are major economic pests for fruit production and are an impediment to international trade. Different host fruits are known to vary in their suitability for fruit flies to complete their life cycle. Currently, international regulatory standards that define the likely legal host status for tephritid fruit flies categorize fruits as a natural host, a conditional host, or a nonhost. For those fruits that are natural or conditional hosts, infestation rate can vary as a spectrum ranging from highly attractive fruits supporting large numbers of fruit flies to very poor hosts supporting low numbers. Here, we propose a Host Suitability Index (HSI), which divides the host status of natural and conditional hosts into five categories based on the log infestation rate (number of flies per kilogram of fruit) ranging from very poor (<0.1), poor (0.1–1.0), moderately good (1.0–10.0), good (10–100), and very good (>100). Infestation rates may be determined by field sampling or cage infestation studies. We illustrate the concept of this index using 21 papers that examine the host status of fruits in five species of polyphagous fruit flies in the Pacific region: Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This general-purpose index may be useful in developing systems approaches that rely on poor host status, for determining surveillance and detection protocols for potential incursions, and to guide the appropriate regulatory response during fruit fly outbreaks.

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Establishing criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks

CABI Agriculture and Bioscience ◽

10.1186/s43170-021-00043-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael D. Ormsby

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

International Standards ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Export Restriction ◽

Fly Control ◽

Financial Impacts ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractTephritid fruit flies (Diptera; Tephritidae) represent a group of insects that include some of the most economically important pests in horticulture. Because of their economic importance, the financial impacts of an incursion of tephritid fruit flies into a new area can often result in restrictions to trade. The economic impacts of any trade restrictions imposed by importing countries are confounded by the current absence of consistent and accepted criteria for the strength and extent of any trade restrictions and declaring the end of an incursion. The author has developed models that can be used to establish criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks as outlined in international standards. A model enables criteria on when to recognise an incursion has occurred and establish export restrictions. Another model determines what area or radius an export restriction zone (ERZ) should cover. And a third model establishes criteria for the conditions required to enable an ERZ to be rescinded and the area’s pest free status reinstated. The models rely primarily on fruit fly biology and the effectiveness of surveillance trapping systems. The adoption of these proposed criteria internationally for establishing a control system and responding to fruit fly outbreaks would provide considerable economic benefits to international trade. Additionally, these criteria would enable countries to make more informed cost–benefit decisions on the level of investment in fruit fly control systems that better reflects the economic risks fruit flies represent to their economy.

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Parental RNAi Silencing of the transformer-2 Gene in a Species of the Anastrepha fraterculus Complex of Cryptic Species (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v13n10p70 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Pietro E. Vicari ◽

Esther S. Chang ◽

André L. P. Perondini ◽

Denise Selivon

Keyword(s):

Mating Behavior ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Rnai Silencing ◽

Sustainable Technologies ◽

Xx Males ◽

Fly Control ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

In genera Anastrepha, Bactrocera and Ceratitis of the tephritid fruit flies the auto-regulatory function of gene transformer is assumed to be activated by maternal derived mRNA or the proteins of the gene transformer (tra-2 mat) and transformer-2 (tra-2mat). However, this maternal effect was not yet been demonstrated. The objective of the present study was to test the effect of absence of tra-2mat in the eggs on the sex determination of A. sp.1 affinis fraterculus. This was achieved by silencing gene tra-2 in the parental females via the pRNA interference. The data showed that tra-2 was transiently silenced in the female for three weeks period. The progenies sex ratio produced by these females during the silencing of tra-2 depart from 1:1 in favor of males. The excess of males was due to the transformation of a fraction of genotypical female XX embryos into XX males, the so-called pseudomales, Individual F1 males from the offspring of treated females crossed to females from the stock, revealed that majority of them showed regular mating behavior and were fertile. However, no offspring was produced in the crosses by a fraction of males that have produced sperms, showed regular mating behavior but did not transfer sperms to the females. The data allow the conclusion that the absence of tra-2mat in the eggs had impaired the self-regulation of the embryonic gene tra resulting in the transformation of XX embryos into pseudomales and also that these pseudomales are sterile. This effect may be useful improve more sustainable technologies for fruit fly control such as SIT.

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Seasonal Abundance and Infestation of Fruit Fly on Cucumber

SAARC Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.3329/sja.v18i2.51123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 233-241

Author(s):

S Nahid ◽

MR Amin ◽

MM Haque ◽

SJ Suh

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Methyl Eugenol ◽

Seasonal Abundance ◽

Bactrocera Cucurbitae ◽

Larval Population ◽

Weather Parameters ◽

Positive Light

Population dynamics and infestation of fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) was monitored on cucumber, Cucumis sativus using methyl eugenol trap during summer and autumn in 2017 at Gazipur, Bangladesh. Relationship between the abundance of fruit fly and meteorological factors was also studied. The fruit fly showed significantly higher abundance in summer compared to autumn. The larval population per fruit was found higher in summer (24.9 fruit-1) than that in autumn (1.5 fruit-1). The daily mean temperature had significant positive, light intensity had insignificant positive, relative humidity had insignificant negative and rainfall had insignificant negative correlation with fruit fly abundance. The temperature, light intensity, relative humidity and rainfall individually contributed to fruit fly abundance of 14.1 %, 24.0 %, 0.8 % and 1.8 %, respectively. The combined effect of the weather parameters on fruit fly abundance was 40.7 % and the equations were insignificant. The fruit fly showed significantly lower level of infestation in methyl eugenol treated plots as compared to controls in both summer and autumn. SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 233-241 (2020)

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Biological Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Americas and Hawaii: A Review of the Use of Parasitoids and Predators

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11100662 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 662

Author(s):

Flávio R. M. Garcia ◽

Sérgio M. Ovruski ◽

Lorena Suárez ◽

Jorge Cancino ◽

Oscar E. Liburd

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Control Programs ◽

First Time ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs. For the first time, a review is carried out covering parasitoids and predators of fruit flies (Tephritidae) from the Americas and Hawaii, presenting the main biological control programs in this region. In this work, 31 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered in the genera Anastrepha (11), Rhagoletis (14), Bactrocera (4), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1). In this study, a total of 79 parasitoid species of fruit flies of economic importance are listed and, from these, 50 are native and 29 are introduced. A total of 56 species of fruit fly predators occur in the Americas and Hawaii.

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Effect of geographical directions, height and the color of yellow traps in capture of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) in citrus orchards

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2017.109.3.08 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 561

Author(s):

Amir Hossein TOORANI ◽

Habib ABBASIPOUR

Keyword(s):

Ceratitis Capitata ◽

Ground Level ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽

Lemon Yellow ◽

Agricultural Pests ◽

Mazandaran Province ◽

Yellow Color ◽

Yellow Traps ◽

Citrus Orchards

<p>Mediterranean fruit fly, <em>Ceratitis capitata </em>(Wiedemann, 1824) (Dip.: Tephritidae) is one of the most destructive agricultural pests in the world. To replace chemical control methods, as well as the timing of the peak population of Mediterranean fruit fly, the yellow sticky vertical traps were used in this study. The research was carried out in some citrus orchards of various cities of Mazandaran province of Iran, during the four months from August to November 2016. To determine the best type of yellow color to trap this fly, four types of yellow colors with measured wavelength of reflection, including the fluorescent yellow (538 nm), lemon yellow (574 nm), yellow (602 nm) and amber yellow (641 nm), were used. Also, to determine the best geographical direction and appropriate height for installation of yellow cards, four cardinal directions and five different heights of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 m above ground level were determined and the cards were installed. The results of mean comparison of captured flies in different treatments showed that there are significant differences between all of them. The results indicated that the fluorescent yellow, heights of 1.5 and 2 m, the south direction, and month October had the highest number of capture in yellow cards.</p>

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Method for Determination of Xanthene Dyes in Guava Fruits and Its Application in a Field Dissipation Study

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/83.3.563 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 563-568

Author(s):

Jocelyn P Alcantara-Licudine ◽

Ngoc Lan Bui ◽

Qing X Li ◽

Grant T McQuate ◽

Steven L Peck

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Solvent Extraction ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Xanthene Dyes ◽

Guava Fruit ◽

Zone Electrophoresis ◽

Capillary Zone ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Xanthene dyes, i.e., phloxine B and uranine or phloxine B alone, are phototoxic to tephritid fruit flies infesting guava fruits. An analytical method was developed for determination of residues of these dyes used in bait solutions for suppression of the tephritid fruit fly population in guava fruits. The procedure involved solvent extraction, anionexchange cleanup, and determination by liquid chromatography or capillary zone electrophoresis. The dyes were extracted from 50 g guava fruit at 45°C with 400 mL methanol–acetonitrile (1 + 1) and 5 g magnesium oxide added as an alkaline and clarifying agent. The guava extract was adjusted to pH 8.5 and subjected to an amino column cleanup. Average recoveries of xanthene dyes added to guava purees ranged from 77 to 99% for phloxine B and from 79 to 102% for uranine at spiking levels of 0.05–1.00 μg/g. The method was applied to the determination of phloxine B residues in guava fruits collected from a dye-sprayed orchard. After phloxine B was applied at a rate of 62.5 g/ha for 14 weekly sprayings, it was found on guava fruits at an average concentration of 111 ± 18 ng/g 4 h after the 11th spraying. The concentration of phloxine B was 426 ± 94 ng/g in selected fruits with high deposits of the dye 4 h after spraying. Average concentrations of phloxine B 5 days after the 7th and 14th sprayings were 29 ± 7 and 19 ± 8 ng/g, respectively.

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Commensal microbiota modulates larval foraging behaviour, development rate and pupal production in Bactrocera tryoni

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-019-1648-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (S1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Juliano Morimoto ◽

Binh Nguyen ◽

Shabnam T. Tabrizi ◽

Ida Lundbäck ◽

Phillip W. Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Development Time ◽

Foraging Behaviour ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Insect Larvae ◽

Bactrocera Tryoni ◽

Commensal Microbiota ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Horizontal Acquisition ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Backround Commensal microbes can promote survival and growth of developing insects, and have important fitness implications in adulthood. Insect larvae can acquire commensal microbes through two main routes: by vertical acquisition from maternal deposition of microbes on the eggshells and by horizontal acquisition from the environment where the larvae develop. To date, however, little is known about how microbes acquired through these different routes interact to shape insect development. In the present study, we investigated how vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota influence larval foraging behaviour, development time to pupation and pupal production in the Queensland fruit fly (‘Qfly’), Bactrocera tryoni. Results Both vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota were required to maximise pupal production in Qfly. Moreover, larvae exposed to both vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota pupated sooner than those exposed to no microbiota, or only to horizontally acquired microbiota. Larval foraging behaviour was also influenced by both vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota. Larvae from treatments exposed to neither vertically nor horizontally acquired microbiota spent more time overall on foraging patches than did larvae of other treatments, and most notably had greater preference for diets with extreme protein or sugar compositions. Conclusion The integrity of the microbiota early in life is important for larval foraging behaviour, development time to pupation, and pupal production in Qflies. These findings highlight the complexity of microbial relations in this species, and provide insights to the importance of exposure to microbial communities during laboratory- or mass-rearing of tephritid fruit flies.

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