Subsea Liquid Energy Storage – The Bridge Between Oil and Energy/Hydrogen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Mikalsen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
System Solution ◽  
Ammonia Storage

Abstract This paper demonstrates a pioneering technology adaption for using a membrane-based subsea storage solution for oil/condensate, modified into storing clean energy storage in the form of ammonia (as a hydrogen energy carrier). The immediate application will provide an economical alternative to electrification of offshore platforms, instead of using expensive cables from shore. Storing ammonia at the seabed using innovative subsea storage technologies will dramatically reduce CO2 emissions for offshore assets. The fluid will be stored in a safe manner on the seafloor, protecting both personnel and marine life. The next step will be to include subsea ammonia storage as part of the global logistical value chain, which can power the merchant shipping fleet. Clean ammonia can be produced using renewable resources as wind or solar. It focuses on bridging the ongoing oil/condensate storage qualification, adapted into storing ammonia. The large-scale verification test scope is explained, and we show how the test is extended to also prove the concept of safe energy/ammonia storage. The ammonia storage concept is explained, and we show how this can be included as part of a low carbon future. The focus is the immediate market for providing clean power to existing or new offshore assets. The full system solution will encompass storage tanks placed nearby the platforms at safe water depths, riser systems providing fuel to the ammonia power generators, and the tank filling systems. Bridging and adapting technologies from the petroleum industry into renewables shows the importance of utilizing the technology developments and competence of the oil and gas business. The technical evaluations have shown that the oil/condensate storage can be adapted into storing energy/ammonia with minor modifications. Converting hydrogen into ammonia gives slight energy losses, but it is defended by the large economic benefits of storing ammonia versus pressure storage of hydrogen. The paper presents qualification work already completed and how to implement ammonia fuel storage for platforms. In addition, we show the test setup for a large-scale qualification provided by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) company together with major Operators. Innovative modular design methods have shown that the concept can be included on existing offshore assets, which have limited topside space available. Adding green or blue ammonia as an alternative to power cables from shore have several benefits, and many of the connecting building blocks are falling into place. The main conclusion is how to adapt Novel technologies from the oil industry to store ammonia in a safe way on the seafloor.

scholarly journals Construction of Ni-Mo-P heterostructures with efficient hydrogen evolution performance under acidic condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Yun Chen ◽  
Ya-Qi Zhang ◽  
Ying-Yan Fu ◽  
Min Qian ◽  
Hao-Jiang Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Durability Test ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Onset Potential

Abstract Hydrogen energy is regarded as one of the most important clean energy in the 21st century, and improving the catalytic efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is the basis for realizing the large-scale hydrogen production. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) were proved to be efficient electrocatalysts for HER. In this work, we first synthesized the nickel-molybdenum bimetallic precursors, followed by high-temperature calcination in air. Finally, NiMoP/MoP nanorods (Ni-Mo-P NRs) was obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of phosphating. The target catalyst of Ni-Mo-P NRs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For Ni-Mo-P NRs, the electrochemical test in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution for HER showed that the optimal feeding ratio was Ni: Mo = 1:1. And the Ni1-Mo1-P NRs presented an onset potential of 63.2 mV, and an overpotential of 117.9 mV was required to drive the current density of 10 mA↔cm− 2. Meanwhile, The Tafel slope, exchange current density (j0), electrochemical double-layer capacitance (Cdl) were 58.6 mV↔dec− 1, 0.10 mA↔cm− 2, 12.6 mF↔cm− 2, respectively. Moreover, there was no obvious activity diminish of Ni1-Mo1-P NRs after a long-term stability and durability test.

scholarly journals Underground Hydro-Pumped Energy Storage Using Coal Mine Goafs: System Performance Analysis and a Case Study for China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyi Jiang ◽  
Shao Chen ◽  
Wenhao Liu ◽  
Yiwei Ren ◽  
Pengyv Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Abandoned Coal Mine

In response to the Paris climate agreement, the Chinese government has taken actions to improve the energy structure by reducing the share of coal-fired thermal power and increasing the use of clean energy. However, due to the extreme shortage of large-scale energy storage facilities, the utilization efficiency of wind and solar power remains low. This paper proposes to use abandoned coal mine goafs serving as large-scale pumped hydro storage (PHS) reservoir. In this paper, suitability of coal mine goafs as PHS underground reservoirs was analyzed with respects to the storage capacity, usable capacity, and ventilation between goaf and outside. The storage capacity is 1.97 × 106 m3 for a typical mining area with an extent of 3 × 5 km2 and a coal seam thickness of 6 m. A typical goaf-PHS system with the energy type αw=0.74 has a performance of 82.8% in the case of annual operation, able to regulate solar-wind energy with an average value of 275 kW. The performance of the proposed goaf-PHS system was analyzed based on the reservoir estimation and meteorological information from a typical region in China. It has been found that using abandoned coal mine goafs to develop PHS plants is technically feasible in wind and solar-rich northwestern and southwestern China.

scholarly journals A Policy Review of Green Hydrogen Economy in Southern Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13240
Author(s):  
Katundu Imasiku ◽  
Fortunate Farirai ◽  
Jane Olwoch ◽  
Solomon Nwabueze Agbo
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable energy and clean energy have been on the global agenda for energy transition for quite a long time but recently gained strong momentum, especially with the anticipated depletion of fossil fuels alongside increasing environmental degradation from their exploitation and the changing climate caused by their excessive carbon emissions. Despite this, Africa’s pursuit to transition to a green economy using renewable energy resources still faces constraints that hamper further development and commercialization. These may include socio-economic, technical, political, financial, and institutional policy framework barriers. Although hydrogen demand is still low in Southern Africa, the region can meet the global demands for green hydrogen as a major supplier because of its enormous renewable energy resource-base. This article reviews existing renewable energy resources and hydrogen energy policies in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The significance of this review is that it explores how clean energy technologies that utilize renewable energy resources address the United Nations sustainable development goals (UN SDGs) and identifies the hydrogen energy policy gaps. This review further presents policy options and recommends approaches to enhance hydrogen energy production and ramp the energy transition from a fossil fuel-based economy to a hydrogen energy-based economy in Southern Africa. Concisely, the transition can be achieved if the existing hydrogen energy policy framework gap is narrowed by formulating policies that are specific to hydrogen development in each country with the associated economic benefits of hydrogen energy clearly outlined.

scholarly journals Scheduling And Sizing of Campus Microgrid Considering Demand Response And Economic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahzad Pansota ◽  
Haseeb Javed ◽  
Abdul Muqeet ◽  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Moazzam Shehzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Diesel Generator

Abstract Background: Current energy systems face multiple problems related to inflation in the energy prices, reduction of fossil fuels, and greenhouse gas emissions in disturbing the comfort zone of energy consumers and affordability of power for large commercial customers. This kind of problem can be alleviated with the help of optimal planning of Demand Response policies and with distributed generators in the distribution system. The objective of this article is to give a strategic proposition of an energy management system for a campus microgrid (µG) to minimize the operating costs and to increase the self-consuming energy of green DGs. To this end, a real-time-based campus is considered that is currently providing its loads from the utility grid only. Yet, according to the proposed given scenario, it contains the solar panels and wind turbine as a non-dispatchable DG while a diesel generator is considered as a dispatchable DG. It also incorporates the energy storage system with the optimal sizing of BESS to tackle with multiple disturbances that arise from solar radiations. Results: The resultant problem of linear mathematics has been simulated and plotted in MATLAB with mixed-integer linear programming. Simulation results show that the proposed given model of EMS minimizes the grid electricity costs by 31% in case of summer and 38% in case of winter respectively, while the reduction of GHG emissions per day is 780.68 and 730.46 kg for the corresponding summer and winter seasons. The general effect of a medium-sized solar PV installation on carbon emissions and energy consumption costs is also observed. Conclusion: The substantial environmental and economic benefits compared to the present case prompt campus owners to put investment in the DGs and to install large-scale energy storage.

Balancing a High-Renewables Electric Grid With Hydrogen-Fuelled Combined Cycles: A Country Scale Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Colbertaldo ◽  
Giulio Guandalini ◽  
Elena Crespi ◽  
Stefano Campanari
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electric Grid ◽  
Combined Cycles

Abstract A key approach to large renewable energy sources (RES) power management is based on implementing storage technologies, including batteries, power-to-hydrogen (P2H), pumped-hydro, and compressed air energy storage. Power-to-hydrogen presents specific advantages in terms of suitability for large-scale and long-term energy storage as well as capability to decarbonize a wide range of end-use sectors, e.g., including both power generation and mobility. This work applies a multi-nodal model for the hourly simulation of the energy system at a nation scale, integrating the power, transport, and natural gas sectors. Three main infrastructures are considered: (i) the power grid, characterized by instantaneous supply-demand balance and featuring a variety of storage options; (ii) the natural gas network, which can host a variable hydrogen content, supplying NG-H2 blends to the final consumers; (iii) the hydrogen production, storage, and re-electrification facilities. The aim of the work is to assess the role that can be played by gas turbine-based combined cycles in the future high-RES electric grid. Combined cycles (GTCCs) would exploit hydrogen generated by P2H implementation at large scale, transported through the natural gas infrastructure at increasingly admixed fractions, thus closing the power-to-power (P2P) conversion of excess renewables and becoming a strategic asset for future grid balancing applications. A long-term scenario of the Italian energy system is analyzed, involving a massive increase of intermittent RES power generation capacity and a significant introduction of low-emission vehicles based on electric drivetrains (pure-battery or fuel-cell). The analysis highlights the role of hydrogen as clean energy vector, not only for specific use in new applications like fuel cell vehicles and stationary fuel cells, but also for substitution of fossil fuels in conventional combustion devices. The study also explores the option of repowering the combined cycles at current sites and evaluates the effect of inter-zonal limits on power and hydrogen exchange. Moreover, results include the evaluation of the required hydrogen storage size, distributed at regional scale or in correspondence of the power plant sites. Results show that when extra hydrogen generated by P2H is fed to GTCCs, up to 17–24% H2 use is achieved, reaching up to 70–100% in southern regions, with a parallel reduction in fossil NG input and CO2 emissions of the GTCC plants.

scholarly journals Construction of digital operation and maintenance system for new energy power generation enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02017
Author(s):  
Zhang Wenyu ◽  
Liu Hongyong ◽  
Xu Xiaochuan ◽  
Li Ming ◽  
Ren Weixi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Joint Power ◽  
Power Monitoring ◽  
Information Interaction ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Installed Capacity

In view of the current increasing new energy installed capacity and the frustration in outputting clean electricity due to limited channel capacity, the new energy intelligence operation system based on big data platform technology, joint power monitoring technology and large-scale energy storage power station integrated with control technology is adopted through unified modeling and communication protocols, so as to solve the problems in information interaction and unified controlling for manufacturers of multiple wind turbine, PV, storage equipment ,and varieties of equipment types.So, by structuring the power-grid friendly wind power plant, photovoltaic power plant and the energy storage power plant, and taking the "five ascension" measures can greatly reduce the workload of the staff, improving the working efficiency and the economic benefits of the enterprise greatly, meanwhile it also provide new methods, new measures and new ideas for other new energy power plants, to realize the improving of the comprehensive benefits and social value.

Hydrogen Storage on Graphene Sheet: Physisorption, Diffusion and Chemisorbed Pathways by First Principles Calculations / Magazynowanie Wodoru Na Arkuszu Grafenu: Analiza Ścieżek Fizykosorpcji, Dyfuzji I Chemisorpcji Metodą Obliczeń Ab Initio

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Costanzo ◽  
P.L. Silvestrelli ◽  
F. Ancilotto
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Graphene Sheet ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
First Principle Calculation ◽  
Wannier Functions ◽  
Clean Energy Source

Hydrogen is frequently touted as the “fuel of the future” because of its huge potential as clean energy source, although the large-scale adoption of this technology has yet to be realized. One of the remaining barriers to the utilization of hydrogen energy is an efficient and inexpensive means of hydrogen storage. In this work we investigate the nature of this process by first principle calculation. In particular, we study the way in which the H2 molecule can interact with graphene sheet through physisorption and chemisorption mechanism. The first mechanism involves the condensation of the hydrogen molecule on the graphene as a result of weak van der Waals forces, while the chemisorption mechanism involves the preliminary dissociation of the H2 molecule and the subsequent reaction of hydrogen atoms with the unsatured C-C bonds to form C-H bonds. To study carefully the possible physisorbed configurations on the graphene sheet, we take in to account van der Waals (vdW) interactions in DFT using the new method (DFT/vdW-WF) recently developed in our group and based on the concept of maximally localized Wannier functions. There are three possible way in which the H2 molecule can adapt to the structure of graphene: the hollow, the bridge and the top site called H, B and T configurations, respectively. We find the hollow site to be most stable physisorbed state with a binding energy of -50 meV. This value, in agreement with experimental results, is also compared with other vdW-correction methods as described in the following paper. Diffusion of the physisorbed configurations on the graphene sheet and activated reaction pathways in which the molecule starts from a physisorbed configuration to end up in a chemisorbed configurations have also been studied.

scholarly journals Human Capital And Large Scale PV Deployment

2012 ◽  
pp. 231-235
Author(s):  
Biswajit Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Power Budget ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Knowledge Based

Energy is one of the central parameters required for human survival after food. “Knowledge is power” and renewable energy plays increasingly important role to run knowledge-based society for sustainable social and economic development. Out of these, solar photovoltaic (PV) energy system is a useful tool to run the knowledge based systems. Apart from research and development, PV systems need suitable human capital for its successful penetration into every nook and corner of the society. The main aim of the present paper is to address the quality and quantity of human capital need in future to bring the solar PV power in the world electric power budget. Analyses on the chronology of PV power systems indicated that PV would be equivalent to other conventional power sources by the year 2023. Proper implementation of PV power systems needs three levels of human capital and these are i. Skilled technicians ii. Experienced technologists and iii. Efficient executives. While the technicians would be involved in the installation, operation, maintenance and monitoring of solar PV systems, technologists need to provide the basis for the liberalization of PV systems and the executives need to develop its market, policy, planning and execution. Academic and research institutions need to develop these types of human capital to match with future demand of the PV power systems. Market and human capital are interdependent and the market for clean energy depends on issues like energy security, climate change, fossil fuel depletion, new and novel technologies and environmentally conscious consumers. The future PV market depends upon how powerful these forces are individually and collectively. Thus the PV communities need to build up human capital as well as newer market to generate demand for human resource for better dissemination of PV power.

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