scholarly journals K-12 Education in the United States: Should We Implement National Standards and Assessments?

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Jessica McKinney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Content Standards ◽  
Science Scores ◽  
The Face ◽  
K 12

In the face of increasing technical demands from the international labor market, U.S. students' math and science scores indicate a competitive disadvantage. Presently, states and equivalent state-level units control content standards and assessments for all students, creating over 50 distinct systems of measuring student success. This paper examines the possible use of national-level standards and assessments and evaluates such a policy based on effectiveness, political feasibility, cost, and administrative feasibility. Instituting national standards and assessments for elementary and secondary students could improve the competitiveness of the workforce in the United States if the standards are set at rigorous levels.

scholarly journals Cyberethics: Identifying The Moral, Legal And Social Issues Of Cybertechnology In K-12 Classrooms

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
David S. Brown ◽  
Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Students ◽  
Ethical Choices ◽  
Cyber Crimes ◽  
K 12

Two computer viruses that have caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage over the past four years are the Melissa and the Sasser virus. In March of 1999, the Melissa virus first appeared on the Internet and spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. The virus made its way through 1.2 million computers in the United States alone. On December 9, 1999, David Smith pleaded guilty to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus (Vamosi, 2003). Reasons for writing the viruses; boredom, the challenge, and thats what Im good at, what I like to do. In May, 2004, the Sasser virus was released by an 18 year old in Germany (Williams, 2004). The arrest made on this script kiddie was the first which used Microsofts $5,000,000 fund, even though millions has been offered for information on other viruses. Unfortunately, young virus creators are unwilling to turn one another in, claiming they write viruses because they have nothing else to do or because they just want to see what happens. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, this paper will describe the extent of Internet/cyber use by American students. Second, this paper will present data from a resent research project showing the large amount of cyber crimes are secondary students are aware of and are participating in. Finally, this paper will present scenarios which might help the reader understand why ethical choices of todays script kiddies are not as black and white as the reader might think.

scholarly journals Evaluating Surveillance for and Estimating Administration of Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis in the United States, 2012–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0009878
Author(s):  
Erin R. Whitehouse ◽  
Marissa K. Person ◽  
Catherine M. Brown ◽  
Sally Slavinski ◽  
Agam K. Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Ed Visits

Background An evaluation of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) surveillance has not been conducted in over 10 years in the United States. An accurate assessment would be important to understand current rabies trends and inform public health preparedness and response to human rabies. Methodology/Principle findings To understand PEP surveillance, we sent a survey to public health leads for rabies in 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, Washington DC, Philadelphia, and New York City. Of leads from 54 jurisdictions, 39 (72%) responded to the survey; 12 reported having PEP-specific surveillance, five had animal bite surveillance that included data about PEP, four had animal bite surveillance without data about PEP, and 18 (46%) had neither. Although 12 jurisdictions provided data about PEP use, poor data quality and lack of national representativeness prevented use of this data to derive a national-level PEP estimate. We used national-level and state specific data from the Healthcare Cost & Utilization Project (HCUP) to estimate the number of people who received PEP based on emergency department (ED) visits. The estimated annual average of initial ED visits for PEP administration during 2012–2017 in the United States was 46,814 (SE: 1,697), costing upwards of 165 million USD. State-level ED data for initial visits for administration of PEP for rabies exposure using HCUP data was compared to state-level surveillance data from Maryland, Vermont, and Georgia between 2012–2017. In all states, state-level surveillance data was consistently lower than estimates of initial ED visits, suggesting even states with robust PEP surveillance may not adequately capture individuals who receive PEP. Conclusions Our findings suggest that making PEP a nationally reportable condition may not be feasible. Other methods of tracking administration of PEP such as syndromic surveillance or identification of sentinel states should be considered to obtain an accurate assessment.

Perceptual basemaps reloaded: The role basemaps play in eliciting perceptions

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Paulina Bounds ◽  
Charles J. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Perceptual Dialectology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Perceptual Maps

This article describes the influence of various basemaps in Perceptual Dialectology, on the national and state levels. The 180 perceptual maps of the United States and Tennessee were divided into six types of basemaps; tabulated results show that basemaps play a different role on the national and state level. On the national level, basemaps that have features reminiscent of boundaries (state lines or interstates) bias the respondents’ answers. On the state level, on the other hand, the map features do not seem to influence the results in any discernible way: at times the informants seemingly go against the details present on the basemap. This striking difference indicates that, though the respondents rely on basemap details at the national level, where they may not have enough experience with the whole country, they don’t pay much attention to the state-level basemap details as they follow their own more detailed ideas about perceptions.

Models of Effective Writing Methods in Teacher Preparation

2022 ◽  
pp. 243-263
Author(s):  
Tracey S. Hodges ◽  
Sharon M. Pratt ◽  
Leslie La Croix ◽  
Sherry Dismuke ◽  
Carol A. Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Teacher Preparation ◽  
Writing Instruction ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Effective Models

To shed some light on how writing methods are currently taught in a variety of programs across the United States and continue examining high-quality writing educators, the present chapter presents five distinct models for teacher preparation. These models are the result of meeting state-level standards; national standards through the International Literacy Association (ILA); and core competencies from research, theory, and practice. The course models represent the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast, showing diversity across the United States. Specifically in the present chapter, the researchers (1) present effective models of writing instruction; (2) provide examples of integrated approaches to research, theory, and practice for writing instruction; and (3) examine limitations and opportunities within each model. The goal of the present chapter is to outline these models in the hopes that other programs can modify and replicate the models that best fit their unique demographics, needs, and literacy standards.

All Politics Is Local: The Reemergence of the Study of City Politics

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Trounstine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Politics ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Political Outcomes

The study of local politics has been relegated to the periphery of political science and many explanations have been offered for the marginalization of the subfield. I offer three related arguments for why scholars should revisit the study of sub-state politics. First, the local level is the source of numerous political outcomes that matter because they represent a large proportion of political events in the United States. Secondly, there are methodological advantages to studying local politics. Finally, analyzing politics at the sub-state level can generate thoroughly different kinds of questions than a purely national-level focus and can offer different answers to questions that apply more generally. Research on local politics can and should contribute to broader debates in political science and ensure that we understand both how and why cities are unique.

scholarly journals National- and state-level impact and cost-effectiveness of nonavalent HPV vaccination in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (18) ◽  
pp. 5107-5112 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Durham ◽  
Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah ◽  
Laura A. Skrip ◽  
Forrest K. Jones ◽  
Chris T. Bauch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
National Level ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
State Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cervical Cancers

Every year in the United States more than 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, a disease principally caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines protect against 66% of HPV-associated cervical cancers, and a new nonavalent vaccine protects against an additional 15% of cervical cancers. However, vaccination policy varies across states, and migration between states interdependently dilutes state-specific vaccination policies. To quantify the economic and epidemiological impacts of switching to the nonavalent vaccine both for individual states and for the nation as a whole, we developed a model of HPV transmission and cervical cancer incidence that incorporates state-specific demographic dynamics, sexual behavior, and migratory patterns. At the national level, the nonavalent vaccine was shown to be cost-effective compared with the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines at any coverage despite the greater per-dose cost of the new vaccine. Furthermore, the nonavalent vaccine remains cost-effective with up to an additional 40% coverage of the adolescent population, representing 80% of girls and 62% of boys. We find that expansion of coverage would have the greatest health impact in states with the lowest coverage because of the decreasing marginal returns of herd immunity. Our results show that if policies promoting nonavalent vaccine implementation and expansion of coverage are coordinated across multiple states, all states benefit both in health and in economic terms.

scholarly journals How Well Do the Us Standards Work Together? An Analysis of the Economic Content of Four National Standards for Social Studies

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Buckles ◽  
Michael Watts ◽  
Mark C. Schug
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Education ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Content Standards ◽  
National Council ◽  
Standards Movement ◽  
Economic Understanding

The standards movement in the United States — a movement, which is roughly analogous to the National Curriculum movement in the United Kingdom, has now produced national standards for several subject areas. Social studies educators in the United States now possess a set of five national standards. But will these standards make reforming the curriculum more or less difficult? We used the economics content standards published by the National Council on Economic Education as the basis examining the economic content in the social studies, history, civics, and geography standards. Our analysis suggests that important economics content is absent in places where it should be prominent; it is presupposed in places where it should be explicitly identified, and it is sometimes represented inaccurately. If our analysis is correct, then efforts to use the national standards as the basis of curriculum improvement — especially as efforts relate to improving economic understanding — face an uphill task.

scholarly journals Casinos and Economic Growth: An Update

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M Walker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
State Government ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Casino Industry ◽  
Causality Model

As U.S. politicians and voters continue to grapple with the slower-than-expected recovery from the 2007-09 recession, the legalization (or expansion) of commercial casinos has become an increasingly popular policy. Casinos are politically popular because the state government legalizes them, and can thus create a new industry which pays high taxes and may stimulate employment and economic development. Despite the fact that casinos are now widespread in the United States – there are around 1,000 commercial and tribal casinos – the empirical evidence on their economic impacts is still negligible.In two previous studies ( we have tested the relationship between state-level casino revenues and per capita income (i.e., economic growth) to provide evidence on whether or not casinos have a positive economic impact on states’ economies. We have utilized a Granger causality model modified for use with panel data. Our initial evidence, from a paper published in 1998, indicated that casinos do Granger cause economic growth. However, when we re-tested the model using up-to-date data (at the time, through 2005), we found no significant results. The casino industry has grown extensively since 2005, and although the recession of 2007-09 had a negative impact on the casino industry, the national-level revenue numbers are again climbing.We extend our previous analyses in order to provide updated evidence on the economic growth impact of commercial casinos in the United States. Section 2 provides a more detailed background of our previous analysis and an overview of other relevant literature. Section 3 describes the data and model, and provides the results. Section 4 is a discussion and conclusion. 

scholarly journals In the long shadow of our best intentions: Model-based assessment of the consequences of school reopening during the COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248509
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn E. Johnson ◽  
Madison Stoddard ◽  
Ryan P. Nolan ◽  
Douglas E. White ◽  
Natasha S. Hochberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Epidemiological Modeling ◽  
Disease Clusters ◽  
Student Safety ◽  
The Face ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Access To Food

As the world grapples with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, a particularly thorny set of questions surrounds the reopening of primary and secondary (K-12) schools. The benefits of in-person learning are numerous, in terms of education quality, mental health, emotional well-being, equity and access to food and shelter. Early reports suggested that children might have reduced susceptibility to COVID-19, and children have been shown to experience fewer complications than older adults. Over the past few months, our understanding of COVID-19 has been further shaped by emerging data, and it is now understood that children are as susceptible to infection as adults and have a similar viral load during infection, even if asymptomatic. Based on this updated understanding of the disease, we have used epidemiological modeling to explore the feasibility and consequences of school reopening in the face of differing rates of COVID-19 prevalence and transmission. We focused our analysis on the United States, but the results are applicable to other countries as well. We demonstrate the potential for a large discrepancy between detected cases and true infections in schools due to the combination of high asymptomatic rates in children coupled with delays in seeking testing and receiving results from diagnostic tests. Our findings indicate that, regardless of the initial prevalence of the disease, and in the absence of robust surveillance testing and contact-tracing, most schools in the United States can expect to remain open for 20–60 days without the emergence of sizeable disease clusters. At this point, even if schools choose to close after outbreaks occur, COVID-19 cases will be seeded from these school clusters and amplified into the community. Thus, our findings suggest that the debate between the risks to student safety and benefits of in-person learning frames a false dual choice. Reopening schools without surveillance testing and contact tracing measures in place will lead to spread within the schools and within the communities that eventually forces a return to remote learning and leaves a trail of infection in its wake.

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