scholarly journals Identification of mosquito species and determination of population density in the Taif governorate, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Alghamdi ◽  
M. Al Zahrani ◽  
F.N. Gharsan ◽  
K.M. Al Ghamdi ◽  
J.A. Mahyoub
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Medical Importance

The surveillance of mosquitoes is the primary method for protecting humans from the spread of dangerous diseases such as malaria and dengue fever transmitted by certain mosquito species. The present study aimed to survey and identify mosquito species in the Taif governorate to determine their medical importance and monitor their distribution across seasons. A black hole light trap was used to collect adult mosquitoes, with four readings per month over an entire year recorded. A total of 3796 adult mosquitoes were collected, and 12 species were identified. All species belonged to the following genera: Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, and Lutzia; however, mosquito genera of medical importance (i.e., Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles) were examined in the present study. Adult mosquito species occurred throughout the entire year, with peaks of density and activity during summer and autumn (24-30°C), confirming that environmental temperature plays a key role in mosquito existence and distribution. This study might provide evidence regarding the spread of mosquitoes and creates a database of the mosquito species in the Taif governorate, which would assist in pest control programs.

scholarly journals A comparison between ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ dissections for the assessment of parity in Anopheles arabiensis and determination of sac stage in mosquitoes alive or dead on collection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques D Charlwood ◽  
Erzelia VE Tomás ◽  
Amanuel Kidane ◽  
Selam Mihreteab ◽  
Corey LeClair
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Dissection Techniques

Background. The determination of parous rates in mosquitoes, despite numerous shortcomings, remains a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of control programs and to determine vectorial capacity in malaria vectors. Two dissection techniques are used for this. For one, the tracheoles of dried ovaries are examined with a compound microscope and in the other the follicular stalk of ovaries is examined, wet, with a stereomicroscope. The second method also enables the sac stage of parous insects (which provides information on the duration of the oviposition cycle) and mated status of insects to be determined. Despite widespread use the two techniques have not previously been compared. Methods We compared the two dissection techniques using Anopheles arabiensis, collected with a tent-trap in Eritrea. The paired ovaries were removed in water and one was examined by each method. From a separate set of dissections from Tanzania, we also determined if the sac stages of A. gambiae s.l. (83% of 183 identified by PCR being Anopheles arabiensis) that were alive on collection were different to those that died on collection and what the implications for vectorial capacity might be. Results 389 host-seeking, mosquitoes, from Furvela tent-traps in Eritrea and 1823 live and 1416 dead from Furvela tent-traps, CDC light-trap and window-trap collections were dissected from Tanzania. Seven per cent of the dry ovaries could not be classified due to granulation (yolk) in the ovariole that obscured the tracheoles. The sensitivity of the dry dissection was 92.74 % (C.I. 86.67-96.63%) and the specificity was 88.51 % (C.I. 79.88-94.35%) among the 211 ovaries that could be classified by the dry technique and compared to the ovaries dissected wet. In collections from Tanzania parous insects were more likely to die compared to nulliparous ones. The proportion of parous mosquitoes with ‘a’ sacs (indicative of recent oviposition) was significantly greater in insects that were dead (0.36) on collection in the morning compared to those that were alive (0.12) (Chi square 138.9259, p < 0.001). There was a preponderance of newly emerged virgin insects in the outdoor collection (Chi sq =8.8413, p= 0.003). Conclusions The examination of mosquito ovaries using transmitted light in a ‘wet’ dissection is a more useful and informative technique than examination of dry ovaries. In order to correctly estimate the duration of the oviposition cycle mosquitoes should be dissected as soon as possible after collection. Younger insects were more likely to attempt to feed outdoors rather than indoors.

scholarly journals DENSITY OF MOSQUITOES SPECIES AND EFFECT OF SOME CLIMATIC PARAMETER IN AMINU KANO TEACHING HOSPITAL, KANO, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-419
Author(s):  
Abdulrazak Muhammad Idris ◽  
A. Haruna ◽  
A. M. Yayo ◽  
Y. Mohammed ◽  
H. U. Takalmawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Periodic Variation ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Climatic Parameter ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
The Relationship

In Nigeria mosquito-borne diseases particularly malaria and some emerging and re-emerging infections such as Zika, dengue fever, yellow fever, constitute a big threat to public health. However, there is a paucity of information on the species of mosquito in Kano City Northern Nigeria. Despite mosquitoes control programs that had taken place in this state and its environment, mosquitoes remain a problem in the state and there is little information on the relationship between mosquito species and the effect of some climatic parameters on the mosquitoes distribution in the study area. The mosquito species were collected using the CDC light trap method and climatic parameters such as temperature and relative humidity were recorded at every one hour of the experiments. A total of 26,652 mosquitoes were collected from January to July 2018. Out of the 26,652, 17444 (65.46%) were Culex and 9208 (34.54%) were Anopheles mosquitoes. Culex species were observed to have its peak at 10:00 - 11:00 pm (5435) while Anopheles mosquito species were observed to attain their first peak at 3:00 – 4:00 am (3416). High collections of mosquitoes were obtained at optimum temperature and relative humidity. This study provided information on the mosquito species diversity in respect to seasonal and periodic variation at AKTH and the effect of some climatic parameters. 

scholarly journals ‘We like it wet’: a comparison between dissection techniques for the assessment of parity inAnopheles arabiensisand determination of sac stage in mosquitoes alive or dead on collection

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques D. Charlwood ◽  
Erzelia V.E. Tomás ◽  
Amanuel K. Andegiorgish ◽  
Selam Mihreteab ◽  
Corey LeClair
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Dissection Techniques

BackgroundThe determination of parous rates in mosquitoes, despite numerous shortcomings, remains a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of control programs and to determine vectorial capacity in malaria vectors. Two dissection techniques are used for this. For one, the tracheoles of dried ovaries are examined with a compound microscope and in the other the follicular stalk of ovaries is examined, wet, with a stereomicroscope. The second method also enables the sac stage of parous insects (which provides information on the duration of the oviposition cycle) and the mated status of insects to be determined. Despite widespread use the two techniques have not previously been compared.MethodsWe compared the two dissection techniques usingAnopheles arabiensis, collected with a tent-trap in Eritrea. The paired ovaries were removed in water and one was examined by each method. From a separate set of dissections from Tanzania, we also determined if the sac stages ofAnopheles gambiaes.l. (83% of 183 identified by PCR beingAnopheles arabiensisthe remainder beingA. gambiae) that were alive on collection were different to those that died on collection and what the implications for vectorial capacity estimation might be.ResultsSeven per cent of the dry ovaries could not be classified due to granulation (yolk) in the ovariole that obscured the tracheoles. The sensitivity of the dry dissection was 88.51% (CI [79.88–94.35%]) and the specificity was 93.55% (CI [87.68–97.17%]) among the 211 ovaries that could be classified by the dry technique and compared to the ovaries dissected wet. 1,823 live and 1,416 dead from Furvela tent-traps, CDC light-trap and window-trap collections were dissected ‘wet’ from Tanzania. In these collections parous insects were more likely to die compared to nulliparous ones. The proportion of parous mosquitoes with ‘a’ sacs (indicative of recent oviposition) was significantly greater in insects that were dead (0.36) on collection in the morning compared to those that were alive (0.12) (Chi square 138.93,p < 0.001). There was a preponderance of newly emerged virgin insects in the outdoor collection (Chi sq = 8.84,p = 0.003).ConclusionsIn anophelines the examination of mosquito ovaries using transmitted light in a ‘wet’ dissection is a more useful and informative technique than examination of dry ovaries. In order to correctly estimate the duration of the oviposition cycle mosquitoes should be dissected as soon as possible after collection. Younger insects were more likely to attempt to feed outdoors rather than indoors.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THE CDC LIGHT TRAP AND THE DYNATRAP® DT2000 FOR COLLECTION OF MOSQUITOES IN SEMI-FIELD AND FIELD SETTINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Nicholas Acevedo
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Cdc Light Trap ◽  
Control Programs

The CDC light trap has been the standard used by mosquito control programs to conduct mosquito and arbovirus surveillance. For the last two decades, this trap has been used with little to no modifications to its original design. Recently, new traps that utilize different light sources, modified designs, and attractants have been developed and evaluated against the CDC light trap. A semi-field and field comparison of the Dynatrap® (Model DT2000) against the CDC light trap was conducted at Anastasia Mosquito Control District. The DT2000 varies from the CDC light trap with a UV light, trapdoor/fan mechanism, and Atrakta lure which is a combination of lactic acid, ammonia, and hexanoic acid. Overall, the DT2000 collected 56% (327/600) of the Ae. aegypti released in the semifield cage, compared to 18.5% (111/600) collected by the CDC light traps. These findings suggest that the DT2000 outperformed the CDC light trap in collecting Ae. aegypti. In the field, the DT2000 collected nine target mosquito species while the CDC light trap collected four target species. The DT2000 averaged 109 ± 97.46 mosquitoes and the CDC light trap averaged 8 ± 4.64 mosquitoes. The DT2000 presented functional limitations in the field as an electrical outlet was required. Study findings suggest that where an electrical outlet is available, the DT2000 may be an alternative to the CDC light trap for mosquito surveillance.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF DYNATRAP® DT160 AS AN INEXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE TO CDC TRAPS FOR ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING IN MALI, WEST AFRICA

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Mohamed M. Traore
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Monitoring Traps ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mosquito Monitoring

Mosquito monitoring traps (i.e., CDC light traps) are crucial tools for basic vector ecology research, risk assessment, and vector control programs. Unfortunately, they are expensive which is often an issue in projects conducted in developing countries. Therefore, it would be desirable to have reliable but inexpensive alternatives based on existing consumer products. We compared an off-the-shelf DynaTrap (model DT160, CCFL tube 365 ± 3 nm UV) modified to fit a CDC trap collection bag and to use a 12V power supply, with two commonly used CDC traps: CDC Miniature Light Trap Model 512 (incandescent light, 6 Volt) and CDC Miniature Downdraft Blacklight (UV) Trap Model 912 (4-Watt blue-black-light tube, 12 Volt), in different ecological settings in southwest (Kenieroba) and northwest (Nioro du Sahel) Mali, West Africa. In northwest Mali, the modified DynaTrap caught a mean of 20.67 ± 2.8 females and 5.38 ± 1.0 male Aedes aegypti which was 16.55% and 10.78% more, respectively, than the CDC incandescent trap (control). The DynaTrap caught a mean of 29.75 ± 2.8 female and 17.92 ± 3.5 male Culex quinquefasciatus. which was 47.76% and 20.70% more than the control CDC incandescent trap. The DynaTrap caught a mean of 2.46 ± 0.5 females and 1.63 ± 0.6 males and 10.16% and 2.45% more female and male An. gambiae s.l., respectively, than the CDC incandescent trap. Trap and catch means were lower at the southwest Mali site. However, trap catch proportions by sex were similar to those in the northwest. The modified DynaTrap outperformed both CDC monitoring traps for less than one third of the cost including the cost of the DynaTrap modifications.

scholarly journals A comparison between ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ dissections for the assessment of parity in Anopheles arabiensis and determination of sac stage in mosquitoes alive or dead on collection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques D Charlwood ◽  
Erzelia VE Tomás ◽  
Amanuel Kidane ◽  
Selam Mihreteab ◽  
Corey LeClair
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Dissection Techniques

Background. The determination of parous rates in mosquitoes, despite numerous shortcomings, remains a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of control programs and to determine vectorial capacity in malaria vectors. Two dissection techniques are used for this. For one, the tracheoles of dried ovaries are examined with a compound microscope and in the other the follicular stalk of ovaries is examined, wet, with a stereomicroscope. The second method also enables the sac stage of parous insects (which provides information on the duration of the oviposition cycle) and mated status of insects to be determined. Despite widespread use the two techniques have not previously been compared. Methods We compared the two dissection techniques using Anopheles arabiensis, collected with a tent-trap in Eritrea. The paired ovaries were removed in water and one was examined by each method. From a separate set of dissections from Tanzania, we also determined if the sac stages of A. gambiae s.l. (83% of 183 identified by PCR being Anopheles arabiensis) that were alive on collection were different to those that died on collection and what the implications for vectorial capacity might be. Results 389 host-seeking, mosquitoes, from Furvela tent-traps in Eritrea and 1823 live and 1416 dead from Furvela tent-traps, CDC light-trap and window-trap collections were dissected from Tanzania. Seven per cent of the dry ovaries could not be classified due to granulation (yolk) in the ovariole that obscured the tracheoles. The sensitivity of the dry dissection was 92.74 % (C.I. 86.67-96.63%) and the specificity was 88.51 % (C.I. 79.88-94.35%) among the 211 ovaries that could be classified by the dry technique and compared to the ovaries dissected wet. In collections from Tanzania parous insects were more likely to die compared to nulliparous ones. The proportion of parous mosquitoes with ‘a’ sacs (indicative of recent oviposition) was significantly greater in insects that were dead (0.36) on collection in the morning compared to those that were alive (0.12) (Chi square 138.9259, p < 0.001). There was a preponderance of newly emerged virgin insects in the outdoor collection (Chi sq =8.8413, p= 0.003). Conclusions The examination of mosquito ovaries using transmitted light in a ‘wet’ dissection is a more useful and informative technique than examination of dry ovaries. In order to correctly estimate the duration of the oviposition cycle mosquitoes should be dissected as soon as possible after collection. Younger insects were more likely to attempt to feed outdoors rather than indoors.

Electroanalysis of Tricyclic Psychotropic Drugs using Modified Electrodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Habibi-Kool-Gheshlaghi ◽  
Farnoush Faridbod ◽  
Mahya Karami Mosammam ◽  
Mohammad Reza Ganjali
Keyword(s):  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Modified Electrodes ◽  
Electroanalytical Methods ◽  
Drug Assays ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Tricyclic Rings ◽  
Easy Operation

Background: Tricyclic psychotropic drugs are defined as a tricyclic rings of the dibenzazepine group with the presence of sulfur and nitrogen atoms. They have been prescribed for antidepressive therapy over the years. Due to their medical importance, many analytical methods have been developed for their monitoring. However, benefits of electrochemical techniques such as costeffectiveness, fast, easy operation and non-destructiveness make them appropriate analytical methods for drug assays. Electrochemical determinations of pharmaceuticals require suitable working electrodes. During years, many electrodes are modified by a variety of modifiers and several sensors were developed based on them. In this regard, nanomaterials, due to their remarkable properties, are one of the most important choices. Objective: Here, the application of electroanalytical methods in the determination of electroactive tricyclic psychotropic drugs will be reviewed and the nanomaterials which are used for improvements of the working electrodes will be considered.

scholarly journals X-Ray Determination of the Black-Hole Mass in Cygnus X-1

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
A. Kubota ◽  
K. Makishima ◽  
T. Dotani ◽  
H. Inoue ◽  
K. Mitsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Compact Object ◽  
Optical Observations ◽  
Black Hole Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Supergiant Star ◽  
X Ray Binaries ◽  
Two Bodies

About 10 X-ray binaries in our Galaxy and LMC/SMC are considered to contain black hole candidates (BHCs). Among these objects, Cyg X-1 was identified as the first BHC, and it has led BHCs for more than 25 years(Oda 1977, Liang and Nolan 1984). It is a binary system composed of normal blue supergiant star and the X-ray emitting compact object. The orbital kinematics derived from optical observations indicates that the compact object is heavier than ~ 4.8 M⊙ (Herrero 1995), which well exceeds the upper limit mass for a neutron star(Kalogora 1996), where we assume the system consists of only two bodies. This has been the basis for BHC of Cyg X-1.

scholarly journals An Efficient Alternative to the CDC Gravid Trap for Southern House Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Surveillance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D McNamara ◽  
Thomas A O’Shea-Wheller ◽  
Nicholas DeLisi ◽  
Emily Dugas ◽  
Kevin A Caillouet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Gravid Trap ◽  
Trapping Trials

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) is the most prevalent arbovirus found throughout the United States. Surveillance of surface breeding Culex vectors involved in WNV transmission is primarily conducted using CDC Gravid traps. However, anecdotal claims from mosquito abatement districts in Louisiana assert that other trap types may be more suited to WNV surveillance. To test the validity of these assertions, we conducted a series of trapping trials and WNV surveillance over 3 yr to compare the efficacy of multiple trap types. First, we compared the CDC Gravid trap, CO2-baited New Standard Miniature Blacklight traps, and CO2-baited CDC light traps with either an incandescent light, a red light, or no light. We found that the CDC Gravid trap and CO2-baited no-light CDC Light trap collected the most mosquitoes. Second, we conducted additional, long-term trapping and WNV surveillance to compare these two trap types. We found that CO2-baited no-light CDC traps collected more of the local WNV vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, Diptera, Culicidae), and detected WNV with greater sensitivity. Finally, we conducted trapping to compare the physiological states of Cx. quinquefasciatus and diversity of collected mosquitoes. CO2-baited no-light CDC light traps collected more unfed Cx. quinquefasciatus while Gravid traps collected more blooded Cx. quinquefasciatus; both traps collected the same number of gravid Cx. quinquefasciatus. Additionally, we found that CO2-baited no-light CDC light traps collected a larger diversity of mosquito species than Gravid traps.

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