scholarly journals Microcosm on a bottle: experimental tests on the colonization of plastic and glass substrates in a retention reservoir

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Mieczan
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Energy Cycle ◽  
Retention Basin ◽  
Anthropogenic Substrates ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

The last few decades have seen a dramatic increase in water pollution due to various types of waste generated by human activity. These include plastic and glass accumulating in the shore area of lakes and oceans. These substrates may be colonized by various groups of aquatic organisms. Little is known of the trophic interrelationships between micro- and macroorganisms colonizing plastic (PB) and glass bottles (GB). Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to determine the taxonomic composition and abundance of micro- and macroorganisms colonizing artificial, anthropogenic substrates, the trophic relationships between the organisms colonizing these substrates, and the influence of the physicochemical properties of the water on the formation of such assemblages. Studies of micro- and macroorganisms were carried out on the surface of PB and GB in a eutrophic retention basin. Both the species richness and abundance of microorganisms and metazoa were found to be determined by the type of substrate colonized as well as by the physicochemical properties of the water (primarily the content of total organic carbon and biogenic compounds). Furthermore, the trophic structure of microbial assemblages demonstrated seasonal variability. In spring, the substrates were colonized by typical bacterivorous ciliates, whereas in the following seasons there was a larger share of omnivorous species (ciliates and rotifers). This may indicate that the accumulation of various types of anthropogenic waste, in the present case GB and PB, may contribute to changes in the matter and energy cycle, including the carbon cycle, in various microhabitats of aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TOKSISITAS BAHAN PENCEMAR TERHADAP ORGANISME PERAIRAN

OSEANA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Triyoni Purbonegoro
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Major Factors

FACTORS THAT AFFECTING THE TOXICITY OF POLLUTANTS TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS. There are a large number of pollutants in aquatic environment with various characteristics and factors that can modify and affect the toxicity of pollutants in this environment. The major factors affecting pollutant toxicity include physicochemical properties of pollutants, mode of exposure, time, environmental factors, and biological factors. Moreover, organisms in an aquatic ecosystem are seldom exposed to only single pollutant, and most cases the stress of pollution on aquatic ecosystems is related to the interaction and combined effects of many chemicals. The combined effects may be synergistic or antagonistic, depending on the pollutants and the physiological condition of the organism involved.

scholarly journals Lake Phytoplankton Assemblage Altered by Irregularly Shaped PLA Body Wash Microplastics but Not by PS Calibration Beads

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2650
Author(s):  
Kiyoko Yokota ◽  
Marissa Mehlrose
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblage ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton

Microplastics are an emerging environmental pollutant, whose global ubiquity is becoming increasingly evident. Conventional wastewater treatment does not completely remove them, and there are growing concerns about microplastics in source water and post-treatment drinking water. Microplastics have been reported to alter the development, physiology, and behavior of various aquatic organisms; however, limited knowledge exists on their effect on natural phytoplankton communities. Many studies also use uniformly spherical plastic beads, while most scrub particles in consumer products and secondary microplastics in the environment have various shapes and sizes. We tested the effects of two types of microplastics, 50 µm polystyrene (PS) calibration beads and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic body wash scrub particles, and one type of plant-derived body wash scrub particle on a natural phytoplankton assemblage through a 7-day incubation experiment in a temperate, mesotrophic lake. The calibration beads and the plant-derived particles generally did not alter the taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton in the mesocosms, while the PLA body wash microplastics eliminated cryptophytes (p < 0.001) and increased chrysophytes (p = 0.041). Our findings demonstrate differential effects of irregularly shaped PLA body wash microplastics vs. PS calibration beads on lake phytoplankters and empirically support potential bottom-up alteration of the aquatic food web by secondary microplastics.

MODULATION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES FOR OPTIMUM DELIVERY OF PLASMID DNA THROUGH GILL MUCOSA

2009 ◽  
Vol 08 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIMAL KUMAR SHARMA ◽  
ISHA MUTREJA ◽  
SUSMITA MITRA
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Ionic Gelation ◽  
Gel Retardation Assay ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
Convenient Route

The gill mucosa is a convenient route for the administration of DNA vaccine to fish and other aquatic organisms. Nanocarriers have been considered for delivery; however, a suitable formulation is required. To devise an appropriate carrier, we have synthesized chitosan nanoparticles entrapping pDNA at N/P ratios of 1:1 and 2.5:1, using ionic gelation and microemulsion (μE) methods. For nanoparticle characterization, the size, morphology, zetapotential, and IR spectra were determined. The efficiency of pDNA entrapment was established by gel retardation assay. On the basis of the investigations, the loaded nanoparticles synthesized by μE method appear to have the required characteristics for effective delivery by this route.

scholarly journals Prey Refuges in Emergent Vegetation Enhance Diving Beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Diversity in Urban Ponds in the Presence of Predatory Fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfei Liao ◽  
Stephen Venn ◽  
Jari Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrate ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Freshwater Biodiversity ◽  
Urban Ponds ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Diving Beetle

Abstract Aquatic plants are important prey refugia for aquatic organisms, and their species richness is positively related with aquatic invertebrate species richness. Yet, little is known about how the quantity of refugia, i.e. aquatic vegetation cover, affect aquatic invertebrate assemblages and their habitat use in different levels of predation risks. Here, we investigated how provision of refugia affects diving beetle (Dytiscidae) species richness and abundance in the presence and absence of fish predators. We found that plant cover affected dytiscid populations differently: (1) At the pond level, dytiscid presence was positively correlated with increasing plant cover, both with and without fish, indicating the importance of emergent plants for aquatic biodiversity. (2) At the microhabitat level, dytiscid species richness and abundance responded positively to increasing plant cover in ponds with fish, but there was no such relationship in fishless ponds, emphasizing that the level of predation risks can alter prey species’ use of prey refugia. Our findings provide evidence that the availability of both vegetated and non-vegetated microhabitats can benefit a diversity of aquatic invertebrates. We suggest maintaining variation in provision of emergent plant cover to retain high habitat heterogeneity in urban ponds to enhance freshwater biodiversity.

scholarly journals N-cycling microbiome recruitment differences between modern and wild Zea mays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alonso Favela ◽  
Martin O. Bohn ◽  
Angela Kent
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Cycling Gene ◽  
Modern Maize ◽  
Functional Gene Diversity ◽  
Maize Domestication ◽  
Gene Richness ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Rewilding modern agricultural cultivars by reintroducing beneficial ancestral traits is a proposed approach to improve sustainability of modern agricultural systems. In this study, we compared recruitment of the rhizosphere microbiome among modern inbred maize and wild teosinte to assess whether potentially beneficial plant microbiome traits have been lost through maize domestication and modern breeding. To do this, we surveyed the bacterial and fungal communities along with nitrogen cycling functional groups in the rhizosphere of 6 modern domesticated maize genotypes and ancestral wild teosinte genotypes, while controlling for environmental conditions and starting soil inoculum. Using a combination of high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR, we found that the rhizosphere microbiomes of modern inbred and wild teosinte differed substantially in taxonomic composition, species richness, and abundance of N-cycling functional genes. Furthermore, the modern vs wild designation explained 27% of the variation in the prokaryotic microbiome, 62% of the variation in N-cycling gene richness, and 66% of N-cycling gene abundance. Surprisingly, we found that modern inbred genotypes hosted microbial communities with higher taxonomic and functional gene diversity within their microbiomes compared to ancestral genotypes. These results imply that modern maize and wild maize differ in their interaction with N-cycling microorganisms in the rhizosphere and that genetic variation exists within Zea to potentially ‘rewild’ microbiome-associated traits (i.e., exudation, root phenotypes, etc.).

scholarly journals Toxic oligopeptides in the cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii-dominated blooms and their effects on duckweed (Lemnaceae) development

2018 ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska ◽  
Magdalena Toporowska ◽  
Hanna Mazur-Marzec
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Freshwater Macrophytes ◽  
Planktothrix Agardhii ◽  
Spirodela Polyrhiza ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Global Threat

Cyanobacterial toxins are a global threat to aquatic organisms; however, they represent only one group of bioactive cyanobacterial metabolites. Very little is known about the effects of other cyanobacterial products (e.g., non-ribosomal oligopeptides) on freshwater macrophytes. Our experimental study revealed that the development of young duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza was inhibited by two aquatic extracts of cyanobacterial bloom samples predominated by Planktothrix agardhii and pure microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The extracts differed considerably in the content of MCs and other oligopeptides; they contained three or four MC variants and several other oligopeptides such as anabaenopeptins, aeruginosins, and planktocyclin. Their toxic effects on young plants (first frond area, root number, fresh biomass, and chlorophyll a content) were different. The more phytotoxic extract obtained from a higher cyanobacterial biomass contained a lower total MC concentration and different anabaenopeptin variants (e.g., anabaenopeptin H, G, HU892, and E/F) as well as planktocyclin, which were not present in another extract with a higher MC concentration. The obtained results suggested that P. agardhii oligopeptides other than MCs are harmful to young duckweeds and may exert even stronger toxic effects than MC-LR. The production of various variants of MCs together with other oligopeptides, and their toxicity to aquatic plants varied over seasons depending on the taxonomic composition of the cyanobacterial bloom. Germinated turions of S. polyrhiza can be used as a sensitive bioindicator of the cyanobacterial threat in aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals Discrimination of Spatial Distribution of Aquatic Organisms in a Coastal Ecosystem Using eDNA

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 3450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunbin Jo ◽  
Dong-Kyun Kim ◽  
Kiyun Park ◽  
Ihn-Sil Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Coastal Ecosystem ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Gwangyang Bay

The nonlinearity and complexity of coastal ecosystems often cause difficulties when analyzing spatial and temporal patterns of ecological traits. Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring has provided an alternative to overcoming the aforementioned issues associated with classical monitoring. We determined aquatic community taxonomic composition using eDNA based on a meta-barcoding approach that characterizes the general ecological features in the Gwangyang Bay coastal ecosystem. We selected the V9 region of the 18S rDNA gene (18S V9), primarily because of its broad range among eukaryotes. Our results produced more detailed spatial patterns in the study area previously categorized (inner bay, main channel of the bay and outer bay) by Kim et al. (2019). Specifically, the outer bay zone was clearly identified by CCA using genus-level identification of aquatic organisms based on meta-barcoding data. We also found significant relationships between environmental factors. Therefore, eDNA monitoring based on meta-barcoding approach holds great potential as a complemental monitoring tool to identify spatial taxonomic distribution patterns in coastal areas.

scholarly journals Mixing models and stable isotopes as tools for research on feeding aquatic organisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyntia Rafaela Ferreira de Moraes ◽  
Gustavo Gonzaga Henry-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Mixing Models ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Isotope Technique

ABSTRACT: Implementation of mixture models in isotopic analysis has been increasing due to the need to analyze sources and understand their variations in relation to consumers, which requires an accurate determination of their discriminant rate and fractioning. In this context, we presented the main concepts related to the application of stable isotopes and mixing models, with the aim to analyze the benefits and problems of these tools in surveys on nutrition of aquatic organisms. The predominant methods identified included application of the models IsoSource, MixSIR, SIBER and SIAR, with the use of C and N isotopes in research with aquatic organisms. Studies in both freshwater and marine environments were evaluated to determine the relative contribution of the main food items and understand trophic relationships between organisms. It can be concluded that the application of mixing models, with the stable isotope technique, is a promising tool for research on feeding aquatic organisms and understanding issues related to trophic ecology of these organisms.

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