Advanced Strategies for 3D Bioprinting of Tissue and Organs Analogs Using Alginate Hydrogel Bioinks

Alginate is a natural polysaccharide that typically originates from various species of algae. Due to its low cost, good biocompatibility, and rapid ionic gelation, the alginate hydrogel has become a good option of bioink source for 3D bioprinting. However, the lack of cell adhesive moieties, erratic biodegradability, and poor printability are the critical limitations of alginate hydrogel bioink. This review discusses the pivotal properties of alginate hydrogel as a bioink for 3D bioprinting technologies. Afterward, a variety of advanced material formulations and biofabrication strategies that have recently been developed to overcome the drawbacks of alginate hydrogel bioink will be focused on. In addition, the applications of these advanced solutions for 3D bioprinting of tissue/organ mimicries such as regenerative implants and in vitro tissue models using alginate-based bioink will be systematically summarized.

SYNTHESIS OF ENCAPSULATED CHROMOLAENA ODORATA LEAF EXTRACT IN CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE BY USING IONIC GELATION METHOD AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of Chromolaena odorata. Methods: Encapsulation of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract by nano chitosan was synthesized by using chitosan and NaTPP as the crosslinking agent. The antioxidant activity was conducted by using the DPPH method. Results: Nanoparticles of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract has an average diameter of 675±218 nm and+23.4±7.14 mV of zeta potential. The antioxidant activity of its extract was 0.86 ppm, while its nanoparticle has the better antioxidant activity of 0.21 ppm. Conclusion: Nanoparticles of Chromolaena odorata have very strong antioxidant activity and the potential to be external antioxidants.

OPTIMIZATION OF DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE NANOPARTICLES FORMULA AND ITS RELEASE KINETICS EVALUATION

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum formula of diltiazem HCl-loaded chitosan nanoparticles due to variations in the speed and duration of stirring and evaluating the release kinetics in vitro using DDSolver. Methods: The method used to prepare nanoparticles is ionic gelation. The ionic gelation method involves an ionic cross-linking between cations on the backbone of chitosan and anion, such as sodium tripolyphosphate (Na TPP). Results: Stirring speed of 1200 rpm and stirring time of 2 h produce an optimum response. The optimum formula has an entrapment efficiency of 71.10%, a particle size of 110.2 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.268. The dry powder of diltiazem HCl nanoparticles produced a drug loading of 66.14±1.71% and a yield of 34.07±0.73%. The FT-IR showed ionic interaction (cross-linking) between ammonium ions from chitosan and phosphate ions from Na TPP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed a particle size of 150 µm, a spherical shape, and rough surface morphology. In vitro release profiles indicated prolonged release, which follows the Korsmeyer Peppas model. Conclusion: It can be concluded that increasing the speed and duration of stirring will improve drug entrapment and reduce the particles size variation. The dry nanoparticles release mechanism is by diffusion and matrix erosion.

Karakterisasi Dan Optimasi Formula Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Pisang Kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.)

Cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) has not been used by the community. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles with a diameter of 10-1000 nm. This study aims to make ethanol extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) as an active substance in the form of nanoparticles formulated in gel preparations and to determine the evaluation of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) nanoparticle gel. The method of making nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) in this research is ionic gelation. Nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) were characterized using particle size analyzer. Evaluation of gel preparations included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, dispersibility, adhesion, viscosity and cycling tests. The cycling test includes organoleptic, pH and viscosity testing. Cycling test observations were carried out for 6 cycles. Characterization of nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) had a particle size of 220.3 nm with a polydipsia index of 0.139. Evaluation of pH preparations has a pH of 6, viscosity ranges from 7116 cps – 8095 cps, dispersion ranges from 5.1 cm to 5.4 cm, adhesion ranges from 1.11 seconds to 7.54 seconds. The results of the cycling test showed a change in the color of the preparation, while the cycling test for pH and viscosity did not change the stability. Conclusion The cotton banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) can be made into smaller particles or nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method and the evaluation of the nanoparticle gel preparation of the cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) extract has met the requirements.Keywords: Cotton banana peel, gel, nanoparticles, evaluation AbstrakKulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) belum dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Nanopartikel merupakan partikel koloid padatan dengan diameter 10-1000 nm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) sebagai zat aktif dalam bentuk nanopartikel yang diformulasi dalam sediaan gel dan untuk mengetahui evaluasi gel nanopartikel kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.). Metode pembuatan nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) pada penelitian ini yaitu gelasi ionik. Nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) dikarakterisasi menggunakan particle size analyzer. Evaluasi sediaan gel meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar, daya lekat, viskositas dan cycling test. Pengujian cycling test meliputi pengujian organoleptis, pH dan viskositas. Pengamatan cycling test dilakukan selama 6 siklus.Karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) memiliki ukuran partikel 220,3 nm dengan indeks polidipersitas 0,139. Evaluasi sediaan pH memiliki pH 6, viskositas rentang 7116 cps – 8095 cps, daya sebar rentang 5,1 cm -5,4 cm, daya lekat rentang 1,11 detik – 7,54 detik. Hasil pengujian cycling test terdapat perubahan warna dari sediaan, sedangkan pengujian cycling test terhadap pH dan viskositas tidak mengalami perubahan stabilitas. Kesimpulan ekstrak kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) dapat dibuat dalam partikel yang lebih kecil atau nanopartikel dengan menggunkan metode gelasi ionik dan evaluasi sediaan gel nanopartikel ekstrak etanil kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) telah memenuhi persyaratan.Kata kunci: Kulit buah pisang kapas, gel, nanopartikel, evaluasi

The effectiveness of prostaglandin nanoparticles in corpus luteum regression

Research examined the formation of prostaglandin nanoparticles and their effect on corpus luteum (CL) regression carried out at IRIAP. The nanoparticles formation was carried out using the ionic gelation method. The nanoparticles have a particle size of 316.80±0.14 nm, polydispersion index of 0,453±0,001, zeta potential of +17,40±0,85 mV with 69,69±8.81% hormone entrapment. The effectiveness of nanoparticle in CL regression was observed (prostaglandin vs prostaglandin nanoparticles) using ultrasound observation, hormone profile and estrus response. Further, the size of the ovulating follicle, the time of ovulation, the size of the CL and the onset of estrus after the administration of the prostaglandins were observed. The observation showed that the intramuscular administration of prostaglandin and prostaglandin nanoparticles did not significantly differ on the onset of estrus, time of ovulation, the ovulating follicle size, size of CL and progesterone concentration. The onset of estrus occurred on 2.50 ± 0.58 and 2.33 ± 0.52 days, the ovulation time after hormone administration was on days 3.50 ± 0.55 and 2.83 ± 0.75 with the ovulation follicle size of 16, 62 ± 0.96 and 17.03 ± 1.13 mm, while the CL measures at H-3 were 13.56 ± 2.28 and 10.45 ± 0.88, the progesterone H-2 concentrations were 0.299 and 0.395, respectively for prostaglandin and prostaglandin nanoparticles. It can be concluded that the formation of nanoparticles did not impair the effectiveness of hormones in CL regression so that it can be used to increase the effectiveness of estrus synchronization

Encapsulation of B. bassiana in Biopolymers: Improving Microbiology of Insect Pest Control

The fungus Beauveria bassiana is widely used for pest control; however, biostability and dispersion for broth pulverization are limiting factors for its application in the field. In this context, formulation techniques such as microencapsulation are viable alternatives. The aim of this work is to optimize B. bassiana formulations by spray dryer and evaluate its stability and biological activity against Spodoptera cosmioides compared to ionic gelatinization formulations. The fungus was biocompatible with all evaluated biopolymers (lignin, cellulose, starch, humic substances, and alginate). The encapsulation by spray drying was optimized by factorial design in an inlet and outlet air temperature of 120°C and 68°C, respectively; aspirator rate of 35 m3·h−1, feed flow rate of 12 mL·min−1; and drying gas flow at 35 L·h−1. The ionic gelation capsules were obtained using a 0.5% quantity of conidia in a 1% sodium alginate solution dropped into a 0.5 mol·L−1 CaCl2 solution using a peristaltic pump. Spray drying provided smaller microcapsules than those by ionic gelation. Both techniques produced more stable conidia when exposed to temperature and UV-radiation than non-formulated B. bassiana. The formulations prepared by spray drying showed gains at aqueous dispersion. Biological assays against Spodoptera cosmioides showed a mortality rate of up to 90%. These results demonstrate the suitability of encapsulating B. bassiana conidia stably in aqueous dispersion without loss of viability and virulence.

Facile Fabrication of Polysaccharide Nanocomposites Using Ionic Gelation Method

Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials with significant biocompatibility and physiochemical features have been widely analyzed in modern biomedical nanotechnology. Chitosan-coating is an advantageous procedure to provide several pharmacological characteristics of chitosan on the reinforcement. Here, we fabricated polysaccharide nanocomposites using the facile ionic gelation method and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linker. The polysaccharide nanocomposites comprised natural cellulose and chitosan as reinforcement and coating agents, respectively. From the image of the scanning electron microscope, the nanocomposites indicated almost spherical dimensions with sizes below 60 nm. Results from X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed multifunctional properties of the nanocomposites related to both cellulose and chitosan. Therefore, the ionic gelation method is potentially appropriate to synthesize the polysaccharide nanocomposites for medically-related applications.

Synthesis and Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles CrossLinked with Tripolyphosphate

Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) have been extensively examined for various biomedical applications due to their advantages include large surface area, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. The purpose of this research was to synthesize ChNPs using a simple ionic gelation technique by the interaction of low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent. ChNPs, TPP, and LMWC were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra that indicated the formation of ChNPs, attributing to the rearrangement of the nanoparticles after adding the TPP cross-linker into the LMWC solution. XRD analysis exhibited that ChNPs were amorphous, due to the effect of TPP cross-linker. Dynamic light scattering showed the nano-dimension of ChNPs with a hydrodynamic size of 68.50 nm. Thus, the obtained results indicated that the properties of chitosan were improved through converting it into nanoparticles using TPP initiated ionic gelation procedure.