Polychlorinated biphenyls in residential soils and their health risk and hazard in an industrial city in India

Background. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have never been produced in India, but were used in industrial applications. PCBs have been detected in environmental samples since 1966, and their sources in soils come from depositions of industrial applications, incinerators and biomass combustions. PCBs adsorb to soil particles and persist for long time due to their properties. Their close proximity may also lead to human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and may exert neurotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic health effects. Design and Methods. Residential soil from Korba, India, was extracted using pressurized liquid extraction procedure, cleaned on modified silica and quantified for PCBs. Soil ingestion was considered as the main exposure pathways of life-long intake of PCBs. Human health risk in terms of life time average daily dose, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated using established guidelines. Results. The estimated average ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10−8 and 1.1×10−7, respectively. ILCR from dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10−6 and 1.1×10−5, respectively. The HQ for PCBs was 6.3×10−4 and 2.2×10−3, respectively for human adults and children. Study observed that ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs was lower than acceptable guideline range of 10−6-10−4, and ILCR from dioxin like PCBs was within the limit. HQ was lower than safe limit of 1. Conclusions. Study concluded that human population residing in Korba had low health risk due to PCBs in residential soils.

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Distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexane in urban soils and risk assessment

Journal of Xenobiotics ◽

10.4081/xeno.2013.e1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bhupander Kumar ◽

Meenu Mishra ◽

Virendra Kumar Verma ◽

Sanjay Kumar ◽

Chandra Shekhar Sharma

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Health Risk ◽

Environmental Health ◽

Urban Soils ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Compositional Analysis ◽

Life Time ◽

Environmental Health Risk ◽

Adults And Children

This study deals with the distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in urban soils, their possible sources and probabilistic human and environmental health risk. The average concentrations of total HCHs and total DDTs in the soils were in the range of 0.56-8.52 mg kg–1 and 0.54-37.42 mg kg–1, respectively, which were lower than guideline limits. The compositional analysis of HCH isomers reflects contaminations from recent usage. However, isomeric ratios between DDT, DDE and DDD, indicate anaerobic degradation of DDT and contaminations from aged DDT. Human and environmental health risk assessment was carried out by the estimation of lifetime average daily dose (LADD), incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) and non carcinogenic health hazard quotient (HQ). LADD of total pesticides (HCH and DDT) for human adults and children was ranged between 3.3x10–9-6.6x10–8 mg kg–1d–1 and 1.7x10–8-3.4x10–7 mg kg–1 d–1, respectively. The cumulative ILCR for adults and children was ranged from 5.1x10–9 to 4.6x10–8 and 2.6x10–8 to 2.4x10–7, respectively. The HQ was ranged between 1.8x10–6- 1.4x10–4 and 9.5x10–6-7.2x10–4, respectively for adults and children. These estimated ILCR and HQ were within the safe acceptable limits, indicating negligible risk to the residents of the study area.

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Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17082966 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 2966 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Minhaz Farid Ahmed ◽

Mazlin Bin Mokhtar

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Aquatic Environment ◽

Tap Water ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Quality Standard ◽

World Health ◽

Lifetime Cancer Risk

Although toxic Cd (cadmium) and Cr (chromium) in the aquatic environment are mainly from natural sources, human activities have increased their concentrations. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of Cd and Cr in the aquatic environment of Malaysia; however, the association between metal ingestion via drinking water and human health risk has not been established. This study collected water samples from four stages of the drinking water supply chain at Langat River Basin, Malaysia in 2015 to analyze the samples by inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of Cd and Cr and the time-series river data (2004–2014) of these metals were significantly within the safe limit of drinking water quality standard proposed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the World Health Organization. Hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of Cd and Cr in 2015 and 2020 also indicate no significant human health risk of its ingestion via drinking water. Additionally, management of pollution sources in the Langat Basin from 2004 to 2015 decreased Cr concentration in 2020 on the basis of autoregression moving average. Although Cd and Cr concentrations were found to be within the safe limits at Langat Basin, high concentrations of these metals have been found in household tap water, especially due to the contamination in the water distribution pipeline. Therefore, a two-layer water filtration system should be introduced in the basin to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 agenda of a better and more sustainable future for all, especially via SDG 6 of supplying safe drinking water at the household level.

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Investigation of contamination pathway and human health risk assessment from metals in milk from the cows grazing in an industrial area: a mass balance approach

10.21203/rs.3.rs-462351/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muthyala Sai Chaithanya ◽

Bhaskar Das ◽

Vidya R

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Mass Balance ◽

Food Chain ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽

Food Chain Contamination ◽

Hair Samples ◽

Adults And Children ◽

The Impact

Abstract The water bodies within the industrial areas are often used for the disposal of effluents leading to heavy metal contamination in water, soil, and vegetation. However, the impact of this metal enrichment on the food web has not been much explored. The present study investigates the food chain contamination of eight metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in the milk from the cattle grazing on a shallow lake bed within the industrial town of Ranipet, India, and associated health risk from the consumption in adults and children. The average concentrations were found to be 24.93, 7.08, 3.31, 0.18, 0.12, 0.08, 0.014, and 0.008 in mg/L for Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Cd, respectively. The hazard indices ranged from 0.55 to 1.85 for children; the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values of Cd and Cr were above 10 − 4 for consumption of milk in both adults and children, which signify serious health risk. The mass balance evaluates the primary intake of all the metals, except Al, are from forage; where for Al it is from the soil. The existing milk consumption patterns projected that 531 children and 1279 adults, drinking contaminated milk are at considerable risk. The analyses of tail switch hair samples indicated the cattle are also environmentally exposed to metals indicating their subclinical effect. Hence the study alerts the elevated and often overlooked risk associated with the food chain contamination from milk in the industrial belt and recommends stringent quality control and monitoring.

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Human Health Risk Assessment of The Levels of Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Soils From Mechanic Workshops Within Nekede Mechanic Village, Imo State, Nigeria

10.21203/rs.3.rs-699487/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victor Chukwuemeka Eze ◽

Azuka Nwabudike ◽

Chidi Duru ◽

Beniah Isiuku ◽

Francis Ibe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽

Human Health ◽

Organic Pollutant ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Control Sample ◽

Sampling Point ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Imo State ◽

Pet Bottles

Abstract Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) are a class of persistent toxic substances with a high potential to accumulate in the soil as an organic pollutant and bioaccumulate in humans. The study determined the level and human health risk of twelve (12) DL-PCBs in soils from mechanic workshops within Nekede mechanic village (NMV), Imo State. In this study, soil samples (0–15 cm depth) were collected at four different sampling points within Nekede mechanic village. At each sampling point, composite samples consisting of 10 sub-samples were collected with pre-cleaned pet bottles using soil auger and were labeled SA, SB, SC, SD. Control sample was taken 500 metres away from the mechanic village where there was no form of auto-mechanic activities. Sample analysis was conducted using Agilent GC 6890N coupled with Agilent MS 5970B to determine the levels of DL-PCBs. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. The results revealed that the mean concentration of 12 DL-PCB congeners (Σ12PCBs) in soil ranged from 0.31–16.31 µg kg− 1, which was much higher than that in the control sample (0.006–0.087 µg kg− 1). PCB-126 was the major contributor (58.99%) while the least contributor was PCB-157 (0.0040%) of the Σ12 DL-PCBs TEQ. The estimated LCR (adults 1.29×101, children 4.42×101) and HQs (adults 6.68×102, children 2.29×103) were above the acceptable risk limit (LCR = 10− 4, HQ = 1); indicating a very high adverse effect of DL-PCBs on humans especially children.

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Integrated approach to quality indices and health risk assessment of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal, Fayoum, Egypt

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies ◽

10.2478/ohs-2019-0031 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 337-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamed E.M. Hassouna ◽

Mohamed E. Goher ◽

Seliem M. El-Sayed ◽

Reda A.A.A. Hassan

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Health Risk ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Pollution Index ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Potential Health ◽

Aquatic Life

Abstract The Bahr Yusuf Canal is the life artery of the Fayoum Province, which provides the province with two thirds of the freshwater quota from the Nile River. The present work was carried out to assess the suitability of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal for various purposes and to assess the potential health risk associated with metal content. The results showed that the water quality of Bahr Yusuf was classified as poor and very poor for recreational use according to the Oregon WQI. On the other hand, the Aquatic Toxicity Index indicated the suitability of water for all fish species. The Canadian WQI and the Weighted Arithmetic WQI classified the canal water as good (WQI = 92), fair (WQI = 73) & marginal (WQI = 64) and excellent, poor to good & good to excellent for irrigation, drinking and aquatic life, respectively. Despite the significant contamination of water with heavy metals (as indicated by the Heavy Pollution Index, ranging from 104.44 to 206.32, from 16.81 to 38.48 and from 219.07 to 472.24 μg l−1), the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Hazard Index (HI) data indicate that water of Bahr Yusuf does not pose a human health risk through ingestion or dermal contact. In general, the study showed that water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal is characterized by different levels of pollution, which requires rapid and critical intervention by responsible authorities to prevent the discharge of different types of waste and further deterioration of the water quality during the lifetime of the channel and its subsequent rehabilitation.

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HUMAN HEALTH RISK OF CONTAMINATION BY POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN THE AREA OF BUCHAREST CITY

13th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS ◽

10.5593/sgem2013/bc3/s13.009 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Mirela-Alina Sandu

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽

Human Health ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Bucharest City

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Surface and Groundwater Pollution: the Invisible, Creeping Threat to Human Health

Civil and Environmental Engineering ◽

10.2478/cee-2020-0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 157-169

Author(s):

Hammad Ahmed Shah ◽

Muhammad Sheraz ◽

Afed Ullah Khan ◽

Fayaz Ahmad Khan ◽

Liaqat Ali Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Best Management Practices ◽

Control Point ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Surface And Groundwater ◽

Dissolved Trace Elements

AbstractThis study reports pollution source apportionment of surface waters and human health risk assessment based on 18 physicochemical and traces elements from 24 water quality monitoring sites for surface and groundwater around the two trans-boundary rivers of Pakistan: The Ravi and Sutlej. The principal component analysis identified 6 principal components (76.98 % cumulative variance) which are mainly caused by untreated industrial effluents, intense agricultural activities, and irrigation tailwater discharges. For all dissolved trace elements in surface waters, health hazard indices (HI) and hazard quotients (HQ) through ingestion and dermal contact are < 1 except As and Cr through ingestion only (for both adults and children). For adults and children, the HQingestion and HI values for As, Mn, Cu (for children only) and As, Fe, Mn (for children only) are > 1, indicating that As, Mn, Fe, and Cu are the most important pollutants causing chronic risks among the selected trace elements in both shallow and deep groundwater respectively. HQingestion, HQdermal, and HI values are higher for children than that of adults which shows the high susceptibility of children to these dissolved trace elements. The carcinogenic indices for the entire surface water elements exceed 10−6 through dermal and ingestion pathways suggesting carcinogenic health risk to the surrounding community. Hence, to protect human health, wastewater treatment plants and best management practices should be practiced to control point source and nonpoint source pollution respectively in the understudied area.

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Consumption Safety in Relation to Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Obtained from Ogbia in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

10.5772/intechopen.94057 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Miebaka Moslen ◽

Chioma Hope Adiela

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Health Risk ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Delta Region ◽

Niger Delta Region ◽

Accumulation Of Metals

The study assessed human health risk and accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Zn) in periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) obtained from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Samples were collected for six months on a monthly basis. The samples were digested according to the method described by Association of official analytical chemists and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Temporal variations in metal concentrations were observed with values (mgkg−1) ranging as follows Pb (2.34–6.7), Ni (0.55–2.28), Zn (0.55–11.66), Cr (0.74–3.65), Cu (1.15–3.91) and Cd (0.22–1.06). Variation in metal concentration was significantly different (p < 0.05) with metals such as Pb, Ni and Cd found to be above their respective FAO/WHO permissible limits. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of all metals examined was less than their respective reference oral doses (RFD). The target hazard quotient (THQ) non-carcinogenic and the hazard index (HI) of metals were < 1 while the hazard quotient carcinogenic (HQ) ranged between 10−6 – 10−4. The study therefore concluded gradual accumulation of metals and minimal health risk due to consumption of contaminated periwinkles in the study area.

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Characterization and Evaluation of Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Tin Mine Tailings in Selected Area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences ◽

10.46481/jnsps.2021.262 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 406-413

Author(s):

D. D. Bwede ◽

R. A. Wuana ◽

G. O. EGAH ◽

A. U. Itodo ◽

E. Ogah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Health Risk ◽

Mine Tailings ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Mining Site ◽

Exposure Pathway ◽

Plateau State ◽

And Control ◽

Cu And Zn

Tin mining tailings are unprocessed waste materials that overlie an ore which are displaced during mining activities. This research work is aimed at characterizing and evaluating the human health risk of heavy metals in tin mine tailings in Zabot (S3) and Tafan (S4) districts in Barkin Ladi Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The samples were characterized using EDX-XRF and SEM. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Pb, Cr, As, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn) were determined in S3 and S4. The results showed that Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn were within the USEPA permissible limits, except for Pb and As with range of (270-300) mg/kg and (40-70) mg/kg respectively for both mining and control sites of S3 and S4. The SEM results revealed small particles size with fine porous structure, and rough areas with varying sizes and pores distributed over the surface for S3 and S4 respectively. Results of the risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient HQ and HI values were greater than 1 indicating high risk. The Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and As were evaluated for S3 and S4 for the three exposure pathway and it was found that the mining sites pose more risk than the control and the children were more exposed than the adults. The carcinogenicity of these samples were due to the high hazard quotient for ingestion and dermal exposure pathway. The R total results for As, Cr, Pb and Ni for mining site S3 were found to be (1.39 × 102 , 2.02 × 10-7 , 3.30 × 103 and 8.17 × 10-8 ), and control site (3.42 × 103 , 2.64 × 10-5 , 38.30 × 101 , 6.90 × 10-8 ) for As, Cr, Pb and Ni respectively. From the R total results As and Pb were more than the acceptable threshold, while Cr and Ni were below the threshold of 1 × 10-4 . For the mining site S4, the R total were found to be (5.70 × 102 , 1.82 × 10-7 , 3.63 × 104 and 9.64 × 10-9 ),and the control (1.16 × 103 , 1.71 × 10-7 , 31.1 × 102 and 1.51 × 10-8 ) for As, Cr, Pb and Ni respectively. From the results of the mining and control sites, As and Pb R total were higher than the acceptable threshold, while Cr and Ni were below the threshold of 1 × 10-4 .

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Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Water Due to Leachate from the Municipal Dumpsite by Pollution Index: A Case Study from Ndawuse River, Abuja, Nigeria

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2018-0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 214-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ibironke Titilayo Enitan ◽

Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan ◽

John Ogony Odiyo ◽

Muhammad Mamman Alhassan

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Surface Water ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Cumulative Exposure

AbstractThe study assessed the level of heavy metals in surface water across Ndawuse River near the dumpsite at Phase 1 District of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. The results indicated that oxygen demand, turbidity and heavy metals were above the standard limits set for drinking water. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed natural and anthropogenic activities as sources of heavy metal contamination. The estimated non-carcinogenic effects using hazard quotient toxicity potential, cumulative hazard index and daily human exposure dose of surface water through ingestion pathway were less than a unity. The estimated carcinogenic risks (CRing) exceeded the suggested potential risk limits, with lead (Pb) having the highest CRing value for all age groups. However, children were found to be more susceptible to heavy metals over a period of time according to the estimated values. The concentration of heavy metals in the investigated river could pose an adverse health risk to several communities that rely on this receiving water bodies for domestic purposes. Therefore, there is need for strict enforcement of environmental laws to protect aquatic ecosystem and to avoid long term cumulative exposure risk that heavy metals may pose on human health.

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