Nuovi scenari di cura nella medicina tecnologica: cronicità della malattia e la sua evoluzione

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosetta Bellini

Il progresso compiuto dalla medicina in tutti i suoi settori fa emergere sempre più questioni che non sono più solo di tipo clinico ma che anche inevitabilmente pongono interrogativi di tipo etico. Attraverso gli strumenti che la scienza offre si è portati a riflettere non solo sulla validità clinica di una scelta circa un percorso di cura e l'iter attraverso cui affrontarlo, ma anche sull'opportunità di intraprenderlo, sulla proporzionalità dell'intervento e sull'effettivo beneficio. La professione medica nell'analisi di un riscontro sociale, è continuamente a confronto con i vari punti di vista per cui non sempre la soluzione felice di un caso appare uguale anche per gli altri. L'etica medica considera l'individuo come un agente morale, come persona in toto i cui diritti devono essere rispettati per quanto riguarda le decisioni sulla propria vita. L'evoluzione della ricerca scientifica ha completamente sconvolto la fase di progressiva transizione verso il termine della vita, portandolo ad un rilevante prolungamento della durata media, di fronte anche ad un male degenerativo, suggerendo l'approccio alla malattia con strumenti atti a conciliare un equilibrio, anche quando la cura non vuol dire per forza guarigione. L'obbiettivo da tutelare e realizzare è l'attenzione per il malato, perseguire il suo migliore interesse di fronte alle più svariate fasi delle patologie croniche, ricorrendo ai più attuali sistemi di cura, per il vantaggio psico-fisico del paziente e per una corretta ed etica gestione delle risorse disponibili offerte. L'approccio con il malato non si traduce solo come cura del corpo ma anche come attenzione agli aspetti psicologici, la cui mancata considerazione rischia di amplificare i sentimenti di disagio, solitudine e dolore. Il rapporto con il malato include molto spesso un'equipe di medici che collaborano con i suoi familiari, portando avanti un ideale di assistenza umanizzata, proprio perchè a volte un paziente desidera empatia e comprensione oltre la semplice terapia medica, favorendo così un percorso di sollievo al suo stato. La valutazione della qualità della vita o della diversa condizione di salute, è del tutto soggettiva: ogni individuo è assolutamente unico ed irripetibile, con i suoi valori e le sue scelte di libertà che rispecchiano la propria dignità e ne esprimono il rispetto, anche quando, spesso, ci si trova di fronte a un punto di non ritorno. ---------- The progress achieved in all fields of medicine does not longer raise clinical issues only, but also ethical ones. The instruments that science offers lead us to think not only about the clinical validity of the choice of therapy and the process to deal with, but also about the opportunity of undertake it, the proportionality of intervention and the actual benefits. Hardly a good solution seems to be good to others, because, in the analysis of a social comparison, the medical profession is always compared with various points of view. Medical ethic considers the individual as a person and a subject whose rights and decisions regarding its life, are binding. The evolution of scientific research has completely unsettled the phase of gradual transition to the end of life, bringing it to a relevant protraction of the average lifespan, even in case of degenerative condition, suggesting the approach to disease with instruments able to strike a balance, even when therapies don’t bring to healing. The goal to achieve is the care for the patient, to pursue his personal interest in all the phases of a chronic pathology resorting to the most up-to-date medical approaches, to take the best of patient’s psychophysical resources but with a correct and ethical resource management too. The approach to the patient does not include the healing only, but the care of patient’s state of mind, because a careless approach would increase patient’s malaise, his feelings of loneliness and pain. The relation with a sick person often includes a team of medics co-operating with patient’s family, pursuing an ideal of humanized medical assistance, because sometimes a patient needs empathy and comprehension beyond medical therapy. The quality-of-life evaluation or the different health condition, is utterly subjective: every single person is absolutely unique, with his value system and his choices reflecting his dignity even when, often, approaching a point of no return.

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline McGraw ◽  
Vari Drennan

The issue of not taking medicines as prescribed by medical practitioners has a history as long as the medical profession itself. The World Health Organization recently described the problem of patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses not taking their medication as prescribed as ‘a worldwide problem of striking magnitude’. Not taking medicines as prescribed has consequences not only for the individual in terms of therapeutic failure, but also for the wider society. For the individual, failure to take medication as prescribed may result in ill health, poorer quality of life, and reduced life expectancy. For the wider society, consequences include avoidable health care expenditure and the development of drug resistance.


Author(s):  
Katarzyna Malgorzata Miszczyńska

Public health, affecting the operations of the entity and its environment, plays an important role in the concept of sustainable development. Health condition affects the quality of life of the individual thus the condition of the economy. Taking into consideration the complex relationship of public health and the concept of Sustainable Development Goals, the analysis seems to be fully justified. The aim of the analysis is to determine challenges and opportunities of the sustainability of selected United Nations Member States healthcare sectors. Particular emphasis in the analysis was placed on the situation of the Polish sector against the background of the analyzed countries. The analysis was based on the Sustainable Development Goals and was carried out using one of the MCDA method.


1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-366
Author(s):  
Michael M. Burgess

In “Euthanasia and Health Reform in Canada,” Michael Stingl argues that the legalization of euthanasia can be made reasonable social policy only in the context of healthcare reform to deliver primary- and community-based care. Stingl accepts that euthanasia “is in effect a treatment for unbearable suffering caused by a patient's health condition” and that includes not only pain, but “a personal response to a medical situation that the individual finds unbearable given his or her beliefs and values about the meaningfulness of human life.” He is not worried “about the reasonableness or validity of their request, but about the validity of the situation which leads to their request.” The failure of the healthcare system to adequately respond to the needs of people who are suffering with chronic or terminal conditions may lead competent people to elect euthanasia. Stingl argues that it is the institutionalization of care for dying people that reduces their ability to find meaning in prolonged life, and thereby makes it more attractive to consider ending one's life sooner. Options such as palliative care at home that significantly improve quality of life and make euthanasia less attractive are currently only available to those who can privately subsidize healthcare services. If an emphasis is placed on community-based initiatives and well-supported self-help, then there would be less inequality of healthcare and the voluntariness of choices, including euthanasia, would be more equal for all people under the healthcare system.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-119
Author(s):  
Ulin Nihayah ◽  
Salsabila Ade Putri ◽  
Rahmat Hidayat

Forgiveness is a very important positive force that exists within a person so as not to always be trapped in a negative emotional state which can proceed to release all negative emotions such as feelings of anger, feelings of hatred, hurt and even the desire to take revenge for others. how others treat us. Forgiveness is also included in a concept contained in the study of positive psychology which according to Martin Seligman that positive psychology does not only focus on a person's weakness or mental illness but also focuses on the positive strengths possessed by each person to regulate these negative emotions into a positive emotion. One way to develop yourself is by forgiving. Forgiveness has a very important role in a person's mental health, where when an individual is having feelings of anger, hurt, disappointment, and feelings of hatred towards others, this can increase the negative emotions that exist within the individual which can later cause stress. frustration, sadness and even the desire to take revenge against someone because they have harbored these negative emotions for too long which are eventually released with revenge. Forgiveness is very important because forgiving is a way to release all negative emotions that exist in a person and when successfully released it will have positive impacts that can be felt by the person, especially the positive impact on his mental health, which forgiveness will create feelings a person becomes more relieved, feels better, and the mood becomes calmer and more comfortable, therefore forgiveness is very important to do. The purpose of thr journal writing is, 1) to understand the concept of forgiveness within positive psychology, 2) understanding the relationship between forgivrness and mental health, 3) understanding the importance of forgiveness toward mental health.Descriptive qualitative writing method used in this study is to describe several important concepts that will be discussed so that they are clearer and easier to understand. The results of the study show that people who always forgive will make themselves calmer and make the quality of their lives better because basically forgiveness has a very clear urgency, especially in a person's mental health condition.


Author(s):  
Emily Basquille ◽  
Verna McKenna ◽  
Ailish Houlihan ◽  
Kate Molony ◽  
Dr. Veronica McInerney ◽  
...  

Context: The aim of this study was to profile a cardiac rehabilitation population in the West of Ireland and establish Subjective Quality of Life (SQoL), using The Schedule for Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life-Direct Weighting (SEIQoL-DW), a validated subjective QoL measure. Bothersome symptoms (SB) and Symptom Interference in SQoL (SBIQoL) were also assessed using a using a modified SEIQoL-DW. Objectives: QoL is a difficult concept to define, therefore the medical profession often premise QoL on health and illness. The focus of this study was to explore the QoL needs of a cardiac population, with a view to informing the development of a newly formed cardiac rehabilitation support group. The SEIQoL-DW was developed to overcome the limitations of quantitative questionnaires, as it is based on the individual’s personal view of life and its quality. Methods: SQoL, symptoms and SBIQoL, of 22 individuals, who had suffered a cardiac event were explored. SEIQoL-DW is a semi-structured interview, enabling the individual to convert their perspectives into scientific values. QoL areas of importance to patients are called ‘cues’. A modified SEIQoL-DW was used to assess SB and SBIQoL. Data were analysed using both quantitative analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. Findings: Participants highlighted a range of QoL cues; findings from this study showed that 45% of participants did not rate ‘health’ in the first five QoL cues. A significant number of participants experienced symptoms; a medium negative correlation was found between symptom interference and QoL, rho = -0.353, with high levels of symptom interference associated with low levels of QoL. Conclusions: The range of QoL cues and bothersome symptoms identified in this study had implications for the development of the group, with participants eager to participate and talk candidly about their needs. SEIQoL-DW proved to be an acceptable, reliable and valid technique for measuring both individual QoL, SB and SBIQoL, taking greater consideration of individual perspectives compared with traditional measurement approaches. The significance of nominated symptoms and SBIQoL warrants further attention, especially if these symptoms are reversible.


2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S733-S733
Author(s):  
P. Aranguren

IntroductionMore than a thousand million people live with a certain type of disability over the world (more than a 15% of the population worldwide). In Spain, 2.5 millions of people suffer from a physical disability. Disability can be understood as an interaction of the individual's health condition (disease, illness…) and his/her environmental and personal factors. Resilience could be included as a powerful personal factor, which would play a major role in the individual's quality of life. Resilience can be defined as a universal basic capacity to prevent, minimize or overcome life's adversities, even reaching a change in the life of the individual.AimTo determine the association among resilience, pain and quality of life in people with physical disabilities.Materials and methodsAn electronic search of several databases (Psycinfo, Medline, Pubmed…) was performed using the terms resilience, physical disability, and physical illness among others.Results– Pain and resilience show an important relationship. Factors as acceptance, pain beliefs and self-efficacy are directly related with a lower pain interference.– Resilience and quality of life show a strong positive relationship.ConclusionSeveral factors are related to resilience in people with physical disabilities. Resilience seems to be an important capacity that helps individual with physical disabilities overcome adversities. Further analyses are required.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.


1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. McGee ◽  
Ciaran A. O'Boyle ◽  
Anne Hickey ◽  
Kevin O'Malley ◽  
C. R. B. Joyce

SYNOPSISCurrent methods of measuring quality of life (QoL) impose an external value system on individuals, rather than allowing them to describe their lives in terms of those factors which they consider important. The Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life (SEIQoL) was developed to overcome such limitations. The QoL of 42 healthy attenders at an international immunization clinic was assessed using SEIQoL. Judgement reliability was high (r = 0·74) and individuals' judgement policies accounted for a large percentage of the variance in overall QoL (R2 = 0·75) demonstrating the construct validity of judgement analysis in this context.In a second study of QoL of out-patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (N = 20) or peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (N = 20) was assessed using SEIQoL. Judgement reliability was lower (r = 0·54) although statistically highly significant (P < 0·01), and the variance in overall QoL judgements explained was high (R2 = 0·74).SEIQoL is an acceptable, reliable and valid technique for measuring individual QoL that takes greater account of individual perspectives than traditional measurement approaches.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Heimbuch ◽  
Daniel Bodemer

Controversies based on opposing points of view and contradictory evidence can be fruitful to trigger individual elaboration processes. However, research showed that many wikis are not necessarily suited to make relevant content salient and thus users need further guidance. In an experimental laboratory study on wikis, we investigated two guidance types in conjunction with the Need for Cognitive Closure: (1) visual markers to highlight controversy status (implicit guidance) and (2) a collaboration script that directs users towards discussions (explicit guidance). We analysed the quality of N = 724 wiki contributions, namely final edits to an article and corresponding discussion replies. The results show that both guidance types do neither directly affect the user contributions to the wiki nor the learning outcome. In interaction with the individual Need for Cognitive Closure there was a meaningful effect on the quality of discussion contributions, matching previous research findings on the quantitative learning outcomes.


Author(s):  
Manoj Sivan ◽  
Margaret Phillips ◽  
Ian Baguley ◽  
Melissa Nott

Freedom of movement is an essential component of independence and mobility is closely associated with quality of life. People who have difficulty with independent walking often require a wheelchair to assist with mobility. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model can be used to guide the provision of wheelchairs and seating through consideration of the individual personal factors and preferences, environmental limitations, the person’s desired activities and participation in life roles, as well as the person’s health condition or impairments of body structure and function. This chapter describes the steps in prescribing a wheelchair, types of manual and powered wheelchairs, and specialized seating and positioning components.


Author(s):  
B. Carragher ◽  
M. Whittaker

Techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular complexes from electron micrographs have been successfully used for many years. These include methods which take advantage of the natural symmetry properties of the structure (for example helical or icosahedral) as well as those that use single axis or other tilting geometries to reconstruct from a set of projection images. These techniques have traditionally relied on a very experienced operator to manually perform the often numerous and time consuming steps required to obtain the final reconstruction. While the guidance and oversight of an experienced and critical operator will always be an essential component of these techniques, recent advances in computer technology, microprocessor controlled microscopes and the availability of high quality CCD cameras have provided the means to automate many of the individual steps.During the acquisition of data automation provides benefits not only in terms of convenience and time saving but also in circumstances where manual procedures limit the quality of the final reconstruction.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document