scholarly journals Glenohumeral Rotational Range of Motion in Collegiate Overhead-Throwing Athletes During an Athletic Season

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla M. Dwelly ◽  
Brady L. Tripp ◽  
Patricia A. Tripp ◽  
Lindsey E. Eberman ◽  
Steven Gorin
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Division I ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Overhead Throwing ◽  
Division Ii ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Context: Repetitive throwing at high velocities leads to altered range of motion (ROM) in the dominant shoulder compared with the nondominant shoulder in overhead-throwing athletes. Loss of glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), or glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (GIRD), is associated with shoulder injuries. Therefore, GIRD should be evaluated during the clinical examination of the thrower's shoulder. Objective: To assess glenohumeral ROM in competitive baseball and softball athletes at 3 intervals over the course of an athletic season in order to (1) examine changes in ROM over time and (2) monitor the prevalence of GIRD. Design: Observational, repeated-measures study. Setting: Collegiate athletic training room. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-eight healthy National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I or Division II athletes (age  =  19 ± 1 years, height  =  174 ± 14 cm, mass  =  77.8 ± 18.1 kg; 19 softball, 29 baseball players). Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured glenohumeral IR, external rotation (ER), total arc (ER + IR), and GIRD at 3 times: prefall, prespring, and postspring. We calculated GIRD in 2 ways: as the difference in IR between dominant and nondominant shoulders and as the percentage of the total arc. Results: In the dominant shoulder, ER increased during the season (F2,96  =  17.433, P < .001), but IR remained the same (F2,96  =  1.839, P  =  .17). The total arc in the dominant shoulder increased between time intervals (F2,96  =  14.030, P < .001); the mean difference between prefall and postspring measurements was 9.694° (P < .001), and the mean difference between prefall and postspring measurements was 10.990° (P < .001). In the nondominant shoulder, ER increased over the season (F2,96  =  23.395, P < .001), but IR did not change over the season (F2,96  =  0.087, P  =  .90). The total arc in the nondominant shoulder increased between prefall and prespring measurements and between prefall and postspring measurements (F2,96  =  18.552, P < .001). No changes were noted in GIRD over time. However, more athletes with GIRD were identified with the GIRD (IR difference) calculation in prefall (n  =  6) than in prespring (n  =  1) and postspring (n  =  4) (Cochran Q  =  5.2, P  =  .07). In addition, more athletes with GIRD were identified with the GIRD (% total arc) calculation in postspring (n  =  6) than in prefall (n  =  5) or prespring (n  =  4) (Cochran Q  =  2.6, P  =  .27). Conclusions: Healthy NCAA Division I and Division II athletes did not display changes in glenohumeral IR over an athletic season. However, they gained in ER and total arc during the season in both shoulders. Future researchers should investigate changes over multiple seasons. The 2 methods of calculating GIRD identified different athletes as having GIRD, indicating that additional investigation is warranted to determine the clinical benefits of each method.

scholarly journals Adaptations of the Shoulder to Overhead Throwing in Youth Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 726-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Michael Astolfi ◽  
Aaron H. Struminger ◽  
Todd D. Royer ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski ◽  
Charles B. Swanik,
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Posterior Capsule ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
Capsule Thickness ◽  
Overhead Throwing

Context The high number of repetitions and high forces associated with overhead throwing lead to anatomical adaptations, such as humeral retrotorsion and posterior-capsule thickness, in elite and professional baseball athletes. However, little is known about the origin and progression of these changes that may account for the increasing trend of chronic shoulder injuries in youth baseball and precipitate subsequent pathologic conditions throughout a young athlete's lifetime. Objective To investigate the relationship of age and upper extremity dominance on humeral retrotorsion, posterior-capsule thickness, and glenohumeral range of motion. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Research laboratory, local baseball fields, and training facilities. Patients or Other Participants Thirty-six boys (mean age = 10.94 ± 1.34 years, height = 151.31 ± 12.17 cm, mass = 42.51 ± 10.32 kg) ranging in age from 8 to 12 years and involved in organized youth baseball. Main Outcome Measure(s) Diagnostic ultrasound was used to determine humeral retrotorsion and posterior-capsule thickness. Glenohumeral internal rotation and external rotation were measured using a handheld inclinometer. We used 2 × 2 mixed-model analyses of variance to compare the influence of limb dominance and age on the dependent variables of humeral retrotorsion, posterior-capsule thickness, internal rotation, and external rotation. Results The dominant shoulders of youth throwers exhibited less glenohumeral internal rotation but greater humeral retrotorsion, posterior-capsule thickness, and glenohumeral external rotation than the nondominant shoulders. Dominant internal rotation was greater in the 8- to 10-year-old group than in the 11- to 12-year-old group, and results trended toward a difference (F1,33 = 4.12, P = .05). Correlations existed between humeral retrotorsion and range of motion (P < .05). Conclusions The structural adaptations in the dominant shoulders of younger baseball players were similar to adaptations observed in older baseball athletes, indicating that more examination is needed in younger athletes. We are the first to demonstrate greater posterior-capsule thickness in the dominant shoulders of youth baseball athletes.

scholarly journals Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Risk of Upper Extremity Injury in Overhead Athletes: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Keller ◽  
Anthony F. De Giacomo ◽  
Julie A. Neumann ◽  
Orr Limpisvasti ◽  
James E. Tibone
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury

Context: Current perception dictates that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a chronic adaptation that leads to an increased risk of pathologic conditions in the dominant shoulder or elbow of overhead athletes. Objective: To determine whether adaptations in glenohumeral range of motion in overhead athletes lead to injuries of the upper extremity, specifically in the shoulder or elbow. Data Sources: An electronic database search was performed using Medline, Embase, and SportDiscus from 1950 to 2016. The following keywords were used: GIRD, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, glenohumeral deficit, shoulder, sport, injury, shoulder joint, baseball, football, racquet sports, volleyball, javelin, cricket, athletic injuries, handball, lacrosse, water polo, hammer throw, and throwing injury. Study Selection: Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Of those 17 studies, 10 included specific range of motion measurements required for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Data Extraction: Data on demographics and methodology as well as shoulder range of motion in various planes were collected when possible. The primary outcome of interest was upper extremity injury, specifically shoulder or elbow injury. Results: The systematic review included 2195 athletes (1889 males, 306 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years. Shoulders with GIRD favored an upper extremity injury, with a mean difference of 3.11° (95% CI, –0.13° to 6.36°; P = 0.06). Shoulder total range of motion suggested increased motion (mean difference, 2.97°) correlated with no injury ( P = 0.11), and less total motion (mean difference, 1.95°) favored injury ( P = 0.14). External rotational gain also favored injury, with a mean difference of 1.93° ( P = 0.07). Conclusion: The pooled results of this systematic review and meta-analysis did not reach statistical significance for any shoulder motion measurement and its correlation to shoulder or elbow injury. Results, though not reaching significance, favored injury in overhead athletes with GIRD, as well as rotational loss and external rotational gain.

An Examination of Preactivity and Postactivity Stretching Practices of NCAA Division I, NCAA Division II, and NCAA Division III Track and Field Throws Programs

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 2691-2699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Judge ◽  
David M. Bellar ◽  
Erin L. Gilreath ◽  
Jeffrey C. Petersen ◽  
Bruce W. Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Ncaa Division Iii ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Division I ◽  
Ncaa Division Ii ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Division Ii

scholarly journals Effect of a Novel Stretching Technique on Shoulder Range of Motion in Overhead Athletes with Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Gharisia ◽  
Everett Lohman ◽  
Noha Daher ◽  
Alan Eldridge ◽  
Amjad Shallan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Traditional Group ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: The cross-body and the modified sleeper stretch have been used to improve posterior shoulder soft tissue flexibility and to increase glenohumeral joint internal rotation (GHJ IR) in overhead athletes. However, due to the inability to stabilize patient’s scapula and control GHJ rotation with the cross-body stretch and the potential for subacromial impingement or symptoms’ aggravation with the modified sleeper stretch, a new stretching technique (Passive Glenohumeral Internal Rotation with Clam Shell Bridging) was developed as an alternative to these commonly used stretches that may allow for greater stability of the scapula without reproducing symptoms, as well as providing an inhibition component to the posterior shoulder girdle muscles. Thus, the current study aimed to examine and compare a novel stretching technique to the traditional modified sleeper stretch to determine the effect on glenohumeral IR range of motion (ROM), self-reported pain, and subject satisfaction in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD). Methods: Forty-two overhead athletes with GIRD [mean age 25.9 ± 2.6 years, 20 males and 22 females] participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into either novel stretching group or modified sleeper stretching group. IR ROM was measured with a digital inclinometer, pain was measured with Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and subject satisfaction level was measured by a 6-item questionnaire developed and validated by the study’s authors. Outcomes were measured before, immediately, and at week 4 post intervention.Results: There was no significant group by time interaction effect for IR ROM (p=0.27); however, there was a significant change over time (p<0.001, η2=0.77). Both groups demonstrated a significant increase in IR from baseline to immediate and week 4, and from immediate to week 4 (p<0.001). There was also a significant reduction in pain intensity over time for the novel group (p=0.016, r=0.6) compared to the traditional group (p=0.080). For the satisfaction level, only the easiness of performance was significantly different and in favor of the traditional group (p=0.020, r=0.5) following the 4 weeks of the stretching protocols. Conclusion: Both stretches appear to be effective at improving IR ROM in overhead athletes with GIRD. However, the novel stretching is more effective at reducing shoulder pain and thus might be more appropriate for symptomatic patients. Trial registration: Prospectively registered in February 6, 2017 under Clinical Trial Registry # NCT03044236

scholarly journals Amputee socks: Sock thickness changes with normal use

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C Cagle ◽  
Krittika J D’Silva ◽  
Brian J Hafner ◽  
Daniel S Harrison ◽  
Joan E Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Initial Thickness ◽  
Reduced Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Over Time

Background: Prosthetic socks are expected to decrease in thickness and have reduced volume accommodation with normal use. It is unknown, however, to what degree they reduce in thickness over time. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine a correlation between the age of a prosthetic sock (defined as the out-of-package time) and the resulting change in thickness under standardized weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions. Study design: Experimental, mechanical assessment. Methods: Used prosthetic socks were donated by donors with transtibial amputation. Sock thickness was measured on a custom instrument under conditions representative of normal use. Stress-thickness response was compared to that of equivalent new socks to quantify the effects of use on sock performance. Results: Sock thickness changed non-linearly over time. On average, socks were 75% ± 17% of their initial thickness after 1 month, while socks older than 1 month were 72% ± 18% of their initial thickness. The elasticity of socks did not change with age. Conclusion: The volume accommodation provided by used socks cannot be reliably predicted by ply or age. Direct measurement of total sock thickness may provide meaningful insight to quantify prosthetic users’ socket fit and guide volume accommodation recommendations. Clinical relevance The mean difference in thickness between 3-ply and 5-ply used socks was equal to the standard deviation of each ply group (0.3mm). Therefore, it is possible that a 3-ply sock worn for as a little as 1 month could have a greater thickness than a 5-ply sock worn for a month.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Shoulder Pain and Disability in Division I Female Swimmers

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Harrington ◽  
Corinne Meisel ◽  
Angela Tate
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Division I ◽  
Competitive Swimming ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Pain Subscale

Context:The prevalence of shoulder pain in the competitive swimming population has been reported to be as high as 91%. Female collegiate swimmers have a reported shoulder-injury rate 3 times greater than their male counterparts. There has been little information on how to best prevent shoulder pain in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine if differences exist in shoulder range of motion, upper-extremity strength, core endurance, and pectoralis minor length in NCAA Division I female swimmers with and without shoulder pain and disability.Methods:NCAA Division I females (N = 37) currently swimming completed a brief survey that included the pain subscale of the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS) and the sports/performing arts module of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure. Passive range of motion for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) at 90° abduction was measured using a digital inclinometer. Strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer for scapular depression and adduction, scapular adduction, IR, and ER. Core endurance was assessed using the side-bridge and prone-bridge tests. Pectoralis minor muscle length was assessed in both a resting and a stretched position using the PALM palpation meter. All measures were taken on the dominant and nondominant arms.Results:Participants were classified as positive for pain and disability if the following 2 criteria were met: The DASH sports module score was >6/20 points and the PSS strenuous pain score was ≥4/10. If these criteria were not met, participants were classified as negative for pain and disability. Significant differences were found between the 2 groups on the dominant side for pectoralis muscle length at rest (P = .003) and stretch (P = .029).Conclusions:The results provide preliminary evidence regarding an association between a decrease in pectoralis minor length and shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers.

Effects of Rigid and Kinesio Taping on Shoulder Rotation Motions, Posterior Shoulder Tightness, and Posture in Overhead Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damla Gulpinar ◽  
Sibel Tekeli Ozer ◽  
Sevgi Sevi Yesilyaprak
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Kinesio Taping ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Posterior Shoulder Tightness

Context:Alterations in posture and motion patterns are thought to play a role in developing shoulder injuries in overhead athletes. Taping is widely used in the sporting population, but there are limited empirical data regarding its effectiveness.Objectives:To determine and compare the effects of rigid and kinesio taping on shoulder rotation motions, posterior shoulder tightness (PST), and posture in overhead athletes.Design:Randomized controlled trial.Setting:Athletic training rooms.Participants:Eighty-six asymptomatic elite overhead athletes.Interventions:Participants were randomly divided into 4 groups: rigid taping group (RTG) that underwent therapeutic rigid taping, kinesio taping group (KTG) that underwent therapeutic kinesio taping, placebo group that underwent placebo kinesio taping (shoulder and scapular region taping for taping groups), and control group (no taping).Main Outcome Measures:Shoulder rotation motions, PST, and head and shoulder posture were evaluated at baseline, immediately after application and 60 to 72 hours after application for all groups.Results:Glenohumeral internal rotation increased immediately (P < .001) and at 60 to 72 hours after application in the KTG (P = .01), whereas it decreased immediately after application in the RTG (P < .001). Immediately after application, total rotation range of motion increased in the KTG (P =.02) and decreased in the RTG (P < .001), and there was a difference between groups (P = .02). Immediately after application, PST increased in the RTG (P < .001); after 60 to 72 hours, it decreased in the KTG (P = .04) and increased in the RTG (P = .01). Posture outcomes did not change significantly (P > .05).Conclusions:Kinesio taping may improve and rigid taping may worsen glenohumeral internal rotation and PST in overhead athletes. For increasing total rotation range of motion, kinesio taping is superior to rigid taping. Taping did not affect posture. Short-term kinesio taping in overhead athletes may be useful to improve glenohumeral internal rotation, total rotation range of motion, and PST.

Performance-Related Injuries and Exercise Orientation of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III Female Collegiate Cross Country Runners

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon H. Thompson ◽  
Presley Smith ◽  
Rita DiGioacchino
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Exercise Time ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Division Ii ◽  
Subclinical Eating Disorders ◽  
Division I Athletes

A serious commitment to sport and exercise may predispose female athletes to the development of eating disorders. The energy restriction and accompanying menstrual disorders that are often associated with eating disorders may increase female athletes’ injury risks. The purpose of this study was to assess NCAA Division I, II, and III female collegiate cross country athletes’ weekly exercise time, rates of injury, menstrual dysfunction, and subclinical eating disorder risks. A paper-pencil survey was completed by athletes (mean age = 19.64 years) from NCAA Division I (n = 82), Division II (n = 103) and Division III (n = 115) colleges across the United States. Division I athletes spent significantly more weekly exercise time (M = 687.97 minutes) than Division II (M = 512.38 minutes, p = .0007) or Division III (M = 501.32 minutes, p = .0003) athletes. When examining rates of menstrual dysfunction, 23 percent reported amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea. Over 60 percent (64.3%) of the athletes reported a performance-related injury, with the knee being the most commonly injured site. 24 percent (23.7%) of the athletes reported having stress fractures. Scores for subclinical eating disorders for Division I athletes were significantly higher (M = 87.11) than Division III athletes (M = 82.94, p = .0042). Division I female athletes may be at an increased risk of developing subclinical eating disorders compared to those competing in Division II or III. Because early identification of those with subclinical eating disorders prevents the progression to eating disorders, further study is warranted.

scholarly journals Effect of a novel stretching technique on shoulder range of motion in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Gharisia ◽  
Everett Lohman ◽  
Noha Daher ◽  
Alan Eldridge ◽  
Amjad Shallan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background The cross-body and the modified sleeper stretch have been used to improve posterior shoulder soft tissue flexibility and to increase glenohumeral joint internal rotation (GHJ IR) in overhead athletes. However, due to the inability to stabilize patient’s scapula and control GHJ rotation with the cross-body stretch and the potential for subacromial impingement or symptoms’ aggravation with the modified sleeper stretch, a new stretching technique (Passive Glenohumeral Internal Rotation with Clam Shell Bridging) was developed as an alternative to these commonly used stretches that may allow for greater stability of the scapula without reproducing symptoms. Thus, the current study aimed to examine and compare a novel stretching technique to the traditional modified sleeper stretch to determine the effect on glenohumeral IR range of motion (ROM) and self-reported pain in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD). Methods Forty-two overhead athletes with GIRD [mean age 25.9 ± 2.6 years, 20 males and 22 females] participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into either novel stretching group or modified sleeper stretching group. IR ROM was measured with a digital inclinometer before, immediately, and at week 4 post intervention, while pain was measured with Numeric Pain Rating Scale before and at week 4 post intervention. Results There was no significant group by time interaction effect for IR ROM (p = 0.27); however, there was a significant change over time (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.77). Both groups demonstrated a significant increase in IR from baseline to immediate and week 4, and from immediate to week 4 (p < 0.001). There was a significant group by time interaction for pain intensity (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.72). Results showed a significant reduction in pain intensity over time in the novel group (p = 0.001, d = 2.18), but not in the traditional group (p = 0.231, d = 0.46). Conclusion Both stretches appear to be effective at improving IR ROM in overhead athletes with GIRD. However, the novel stretching might be more effective at reducing shoulder pain and thus may be more appropriate for symptomatic patients. Trial registration Prospectively registered in February 6, 2017 under Clinical Trial Registry # NCT03044236.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document