Skinfold Thickness at 8 Common Cryotherapy Sites in Various Athletic Populations

Context: Researchers have observed slower cooling rates in thigh muscle with greater overlying adipose tissue, suggesting that cryotherapy duration should be based on the adipose thickness of the treatment site. Skinfold data do not exist for other common cryotherapy sites, and no one has reported how those skinfolds might vary because of physical activity level or sex. Objective: To determine the variability in skinfold thickness among common cryotherapy sites relative to sex and activity level (National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes, recreationally active college athletes). Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Field. Patients or Other Participants: Three hundred eighty-nine college students participated; 196 Division I athletes (157 men, 39 women) were recruited during preseason physicals, and 193 recreationally active college athletes (108 men, 85 women) were recruited from physical education classes. Intervention(s): Three skinfold measurements to within 1 mm were taken at 8 sites (inferior angle of the scapula, middle deltoid, ulnar groove, midforearm, midthigh, medial collateral ligament, midcalf, and anterior talofibular ligament [ATF]) using Lange skinfold calipers. Main Outcome Measure(s): Skinfold thickness in millimeters. Results: We noted interactions among sex, activity level, and skinfold site. Male athletes had smaller skinfold measurements than female athletes at all sites except the ATF, scapula, and ulnar groove (F7,2702 = 69.85, P < .001). Skinfold measurements were greater for recreationally active athletes than their Division I counterparts at all sites except the ATF, deltoid, and ulnar groove (F7,2702 = 30.79, P < .001). Thigh skinfold measurements of recreationally active female athletes were the largest, and their ATF skinfolds were the smallest. Conclusions: Skinfold thickness at common cryotherapy treatment sites varied based on level of physical activity and sex. Therefore, clinicians should measure skinfold thickness to determine an appropriate cryotherapy duration.

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Health-Related Quality of Life in Former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Athletes Compared With Noncollegiate Athletes: A 5-Year Follow-Up

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-0107.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Janet E. Simon ◽

Mallory Lorence ◽

Carrie L. Docherty

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Function ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Division I ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Division I Athletes

Context The effect of athletic participation on lifelong health among elite athletes has received increasing attention, as sport-related injuries can have a substantial influence on long-term health. Objective To determine the current health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes compared with noncollegiate athletes 5 years after an initial assessment. Design Cohort study. Setting Online survey. Patients or Other Participants From the former Division I athletes, 193 responses were received (response rate = 83.2%; 128 men, 65 women; age = 58.47 ± 6.17 years), and from the noncollegiate athletes, 169 surveys were returned (response rate = 75.1%; 80 men, 89 women; age = 58.44 ± 7.28 years). Main Outcome Measure(s) The independent variables were time (baseline, 5 years later) and group (former Division I athlete, noncollegiate athlete). Participants completed 7 Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scales: sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain interference, physical function, and satisfaction with participation in social roles. Results Sleep disturbance, depression, fatigue, pain, and physical function were significant for a time × group interaction (P < .05), with the largest differences seen in pain and physical function between groups at time point 2 (22.19 and 13.99 points, respectively). Former Division I athletes had worse scores for depression, fatigue, pain, and physical function at follow-up (P < .05), with the largest differences seen on the depression, fatigue, and physical function scales (8.33, 6.23, and 6.61 points, respectively). Conclusions Because of the competitive nature of sport, the long-term risks of diminished HRQoL need to become a priority for health care providers and athletes during their athletic careers. Additionally, physical activity transition programs need to be explored to help senior student-athletes transition from highly structured and competitive collegiate athletics to lifestyle physical activity, as it appears that individuals in the noncollegiate athlete cohort engaged in more physical activity, weighed less, and had increased HRQoL.

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Anthropometry and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in children

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898001300253x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 2287-2294 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Alynne Christian Ribeiro Andaki ◽

Adelson Luiz Araújo Tinôco ◽

Edmar Lacerda Mendes ◽

Roberto Andaki Júnior ◽

Andrew P Hills ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Blood Pressure Measurement ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Steps Per Day

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of anthropometric measures and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children.DesignCross-sectional study with children from public and private schools. Children underwent an anthropometric assessment, blood pressure measurement and biochemical evaluation of serum for determination of TAG, HDL-cholesterol and glucose. Physical activity level was calculated and number of steps per day obtained using a pedometer for seven consecutive days.SettingViçosa, south-eastern Brazil.SubjectsBoys and girls (n 187), mean age 9·90 (sd 0·7) years.ResultsConicity index, sum of four skinfolds, physical activity level and number of steps per day were accurate in predicting MetS in boys. Anthropometric indicators were accurate in predicting MetS for girls, specifically BMI, waist circumference measured at the narrowest point and at the level of the umbilicus, four skinfold thickness measures evaluated separately, the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, the sum of four skinfolds and body fat percentage.ConclusionsThe sum of four skinfolds was the most accurate method in predicting MetS in both genders.

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Slimming Down for Sport: Developing a Weight Pressures in Sport Measure for Female Athletes

Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jcsp.4.2.99 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 99-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Justine J. Reel ◽

Sonya SooHoo ◽

Trent A. Petrie ◽

Christy Greenleaf ◽

Jennifer E. Carter

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Sport Psychology ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Specific Weight ◽

Division I ◽

Factor Solution ◽

Division I Athletes

Previous research with female athletes has yielded equivocal findings when comparing disordered eating rates to nonathlete populations, but the rates differ for athletes in leanness and nonleanness sports (Sherman & Thompson, 2009). The purpose of the current study was to develop a measure to assess sport-specific weight pressures for female athletes. Secondly, this study identified frequencies of weight, size, and appearance pressures across sports. Participants (N =204) were female Division I athletes from three universities who represented 17 sports. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a 4-factor solution for the 16-item Weight Pressures in Sport for Females (WPS-F) scale with strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90). The most frequently reported pressures among female college athletes were teammates (36.8%), uniform (34.3%), and coach (33.8%). These findings are discussed in comparison with previous research along with clinical and research implications for using the WPS-F in sport psychology settings.

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Health-related Quality of Life in Former Division I Collegiate Athletes Compared to Non-Athletes: A 5-Year Follow-up

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/107-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Janet E. Simon ◽

Mallory Lorence ◽

Carrie L. Docherty

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Function ◽

Response Rate ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Division I ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Division I Athletes

Abstract Context: The effect of athletic participation on lifelong health among elite athletes has received increasing attention as sports-related injuries can have a substantial impact on long-term health. Objective: Determine the current health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in former Division I athletes compared with non-collegiate athletes five-years following an initial assessment. Study Design: Prospective cohort Setting: Online survey Participants: For the former Division I athletes, 193 responses were received (response rate, 83.2%, 128 males, 65 females, 58.47±6.17years) and for the non-collegiate athletes, 169 surveys were returned (response rate, 75.1%, 80 males, 89 females; 58.44 ± 7.28years). Interventions: The independent variables were time (baseline, five years post) and group (former Division I athlete and non-collegiate athlete). Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed seven Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scales: sleep, anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain interference, physical function, and satisfaction with participation in social roles. Results: Physical function, depression, fatigue, sleep, and pain were significant for time × group (p<0.05) with the largest differences seen on physical function and pain between groups at time point 2 (22.19 and 13.99 points, respectively). Former Division I athletes had worse scores on physical function, depression, fatigue, and pain between the two points (p<0.05) with the largest differences seen on the depression, physical function, and fatigue scales (8.33, 6.61, and 6.23 points, respectively). Conclusion: Due to the competitive nature of sport, long term risks of diminished HRQoL need to become a priority for healthcare providers and athletes during their athletic career. Additionally, physical activity transition programs need to be explored to help senior student-athletes transition from highly structured and competitive collegiate athletics to lifestyle physical activity as it appears that individuals in the non-collegiate athlete cohort engage in more physical activity, weigh less, and have increased HRQoL.

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The Impact of Previous Athletic Experience on Current Physical Fitness in Former Collegiate Athletes and Noncollegiate Athletes

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738117705311 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 462-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Janet E. Simon ◽

Carrie L. Docherty

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Body Fat ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Division I ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Stand Test ◽

Sit To Stand ◽

Division I Athletes ◽

Push Up

Background: Physical activity performed at moderate intensity is associated with reduced risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and some types of cancers. However, vigorous physical activity during participation in college athletics may increase the risk of injury, which might limit future physical activity levels. Purpose: To evaluate differences in current physical fitness levels between former Division I athletes and noncollegiate athletes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: The sample was recruited from a large midwestern university alumni database and consisted of 2 cohorts: (1) former Division I athletes (n = 100; mean age, 53.1 ± 7.4 years) and (2) nonathletes who were active in college (n = 100; age, 51.4 ± 7.3 years). Individuals answered a demographics questionnaire and completed a physical fitness assessment consisting of 7 measures: percent body fat, 1-mile walk, sit-to-stand test, push-up, half sit-up test, sit and reach test, and back scratch test. Results: Performance was significantly worse for former Division I athletes compared with nonathletes for percent body fat (mean difference, 7.58%; F(1, 198) = 59.91; P < 0.01), mile time (mean difference, 2.42 minutes; F(1, 198) = 1.74; P = 0.03), sit-to-stand test (mean difference, 4.3 repetitions; F(1, 198) = 6.59; P = 0.01), and push-up test (mean difference, 8.9 repetitions; F(1, 198) = 7.35; P = 0.01). Conclusion: Former Division I athletes may be limited because of previous injury, inhibiting their ability to stay active later in life. Clinical Relevance: It is imperative that clinicians, coaches, and strength and conditioning specialists understand the possible future repercussions from competing at the Division I level.

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Performance-Related Injuries and Exercise Orientation of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III Female Collegiate Cross Country Runners

Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal ◽

10.1123/wspaj.13.2.17 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 17-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sharon H. Thompson ◽

Presley Smith ◽

Rita DiGioacchino

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Division I ◽

Division Iii ◽

Exercise Time ◽

Menstrual Dysfunction ◽

Division Ii ◽

Subclinical Eating Disorders ◽

Division I Athletes

A serious commitment to sport and exercise may predispose female athletes to the development of eating disorders. The energy restriction and accompanying menstrual disorders that are often associated with eating disorders may increase female athletes’ injury risks. The purpose of this study was to assess NCAA Division I, II, and III female collegiate cross country athletes’ weekly exercise time, rates of injury, menstrual dysfunction, and subclinical eating disorder risks. A paper-pencil survey was completed by athletes (mean age = 19.64 years) from NCAA Division I (n = 82), Division II (n = 103) and Division III (n = 115) colleges across the United States. Division I athletes spent significantly more weekly exercise time (M = 687.97 minutes) than Division II (M = 512.38 minutes, p = .0007) or Division III (M = 501.32 minutes, p = .0003) athletes. When examining rates of menstrual dysfunction, 23 percent reported amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea. Over 60 percent (64.3%) of the athletes reported a performance-related injury, with the knee being the most commonly injured site. 24 percent (23.7%) of the athletes reported having stress fractures. Scores for subclinical eating disorders for Division I athletes were significantly higher (M = 87.11) than Division III athletes (M = 82.94, p = .0042). Division I female athletes may be at an increased risk of developing subclinical eating disorders compared to those competing in Division II or III. Because early identification of those with subclinical eating disorders prevents the progression to eating disorders, further study is warranted.

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Gender Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Their Relation to Body Composition in Active Brazilian Adolescents

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.6.1.93 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Julia Aparecida Devide Nogueira ◽

Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Physically Active

Background:Body weight and composition are determined by genotype, environment, and energy balance. Physical activity or sedentary behavior have different associations with body weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass, a relationship that is not clear in adolescents. The aim of this study was to test the associations between gender, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and body composition in physically active adolescents.Methods:Weight, height, and skinfold thickness were measured in 326 physically active boys and girls age 11 to 15 years. All subjects answered a questionnaire assessing their usual daily activities for the last month. Time spent on each activity was used to estimate the physical activity level (PAL).Results:PAL was associated with body composition after adjustment for age and maturation, with differences between genders. For boys, PAL was positively and significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) and fat-free mass index (β= 0.14 and 0.15, respectively). For girls, PAL was negatively and significantly associated with BMI and fat mass index (β= −0.11 and −0.75, respectively). Sedentary behavior, expressed by hours of TV, videogame, and computer use, was not associated with any body-composition outcome for either gender.Conclusion:The accumulated amount of physical activity, but not of sedentary behavior, was related to body composition in active adolescents.

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Hand and wrist injuries among collegiate athletes vary with athlete division

Injury Epidemiology ◽

10.1186/s40621-021-00363-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kathleen A. Holoyda ◽

Daniel P. Donato ◽

David A. Magno-Padron ◽

Andrew M. Simpson ◽

Jayant P. Agarwal

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Division I ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Wrist Injuries ◽

Division I Athletes ◽

Mean Time

Abstract Background The rates, severity and consequences of hand and wrist injuries sustained by National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes are not well characterized. This study describes the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries among collegiate athletes competing in different divisions. Methods The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) was accessed from 2004 to 2015 for the following sports: baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, wrestling, field hockey, gymnastics, softball and volleyball. The data were used to identify all hand and wrist injuries, the specific injury diagnosis, mean time loss of activity following injury, and need for surgery following injury. These were then stratified by gender. Descriptive statistics were performed to examine the association between sports, event type and division. Student's t test was used to calculate p-values for independent variables. Chi-Square test was used to calculate odds ratio. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results 103,098 hand and wrist injuries were reported in in the studied NCAA sports from 2004 to 2015. Male athletes sustained 72,423 injuries (6.01/10,000 athlete exposure) and female athletes sustained 30,675 injuries (4.13/10,000 athlete exposure). Division I athletes sustained significantly more injuries compared to divisions II and III. Overall, 3.78% of hand and wrist injuries required surgical intervention. A significantly higher percentage of division I athletes (both male and female) underwent surgical intervention compared to divisions II and III. The mean time lost due to hand and wrist injury was 7.14 days for all athletes. Division I athletes missed the fewest days due to injury at 6.29 days though this was not significant. Conclusions Hand and wrist injuries are common among collegiate athletes. Division I athletes sustain higher rates of injuries and higher surgical intervention rates, while tending to miss fewer days due to injury. Improved characterization of divisional differences in hand and wrist injuries can assist injury management and prevention.

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